AEROPLANE    PATENTS 


AEROPLANE  PATENTS 


BY 


ROBERT    M.   NEILSON 

M 

WHITWORTH   EXHIBITIONER,    MEMBER    OF    THE    INSTITUTION    OF   MECHANICAL 

ENGINEERS 

MEMBER  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  OF  ENGINEERS  AND 
SHIPBUILDERS   IN   SCOTLAND 

CONSULTING   ENGINEER 
CHARTERED   PATENT   AGENT 


N\ 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


NEW  YORK 

D.  VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY 

23  MURRAY  AND  27  WARREN  STREETS 

1910 


TL  f 


PREFACE 

THIS  book  is  intended  neither  as  a  treatise  on  Patent  Law  nor 
as  a  rival  to  the  volumes  of  Abridgments  of  Specifications  of 
Patents  published  by  the  British  Patent  Office.  Its  purpose  may 
be  expressed  briefly  as  being  to  give  useful  hints  and  data  relating 
to  patents,  to  inventors  and  manufacturers  interested  in  heavier- 
than-air  flying  machines. 

From  eleven  years  experience  of  patent  agency  work  the  author 
believes  that  he  is  familiar  with  many  of  the  questions  which 
occur  to  inventors  and  manufacturers,  and  he  attempts  to  deal 
with  these  questions  in  language  as  simple  as  possible. 

The  difficulty  which  manufacturers  and  users  experience  in 
connection  with  a  rapidly  developing  industry  in  ascertaining 
what  devices  can  be  made  or  used  without  infringement  of  patents 
is  sought  to  be  met  by  the  section  in  which  many  of  the  important 
flying  machine  patents  are  reviewed ;  and  it  is  hoped  that  this 
section  will  also  prove  to  be  of  considerable  service  to  inventors. 

R.  M.  N. 

ATLANTIC  CHAMBERS, 
45,  HOPE  STREET, 

GLASGOW. 
September,  1910. 


217056 


CONTENTS 


SECTION.  PAGE 

I.  ADVICE  TO  INVENTORS 1 

II.  REVIEW  OF  BRITISH  PATENTS 14 

III.  BRITISH  PATENTS  AND  APPLICATIONS  FOR  PATENTS  FROM  1860  TO 

1910,    ARRANGED   IN   ORDER   OF   APPLICATION        ....         70 

IV.  BRITISH  PATENTEES,  ARRANGED  ALPHABETICALLY       .        .        .81 
V.  UNITED  STATES  PATENTS  FROM   1896  TO   1909,  ARRANGED  IN 

ORDER   OF  ISSUE 87 

VI.  UNITED  STATES  PATENTEES,  ARRANGED  ALPHABETICALLY.        .      89 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


FI»-  PAGE 

1  and  2.    PHILLIPS'  PLANES 16 

3.  MAXIM'S  ALTITUDE  CONTROL 17 

4.  MAXIM'S  WING  TIP 18 

5.  MAXIM'S  PROPELLER 19 

6  and  7.    PENNINGTON'S  AUTOMATIC  EUDDER  CONTROL      .        .        .20 
8  and  9.    LANCHESTER'S  FLYING  MACHINE 21 

10.  LANCHESTER'S  PROPELLER 22 

11.  LANCHESTER'S  SECTION  OF  WING 22 

12.  CHANUTE'S  GLIDER.    SIDE  ELEVATION 23 

13.  CHANUTE'S  GLIDER.    PLAN 24 

14.  CHANUTE  AND  HERRING'S  FLYING  MACHINE        .        .        .        .25 

15.  16  and  17.    CHANUTE  AND  HERRING'S  SECTIONS  OF  PLANES  .        .    26 

18.  CHANUTE  AND  HERRING'S  SECTION  OF  STRUT       .        .        .        .26 

19,  20  and  21.     WRIGHT    FLYING   MACHINE,  WITH    WING- WARPING 

AND  EUDDER  ACTION 28 

22.  HANSEN-ELLEHAMMER'S  STABILISATION  DEVICE  .        .        .        .29 

23.  HARPER'S  ENGINE,  WITH  EOTATING  CYLINDERS  .        .        .        .30 

24.  VALVE  GEAR  OF  HARPER'S  ENGINE 30 

25.  EOE'S  STEERING  DEVICE 31 

26.  EOE'S  STEERING  DEVICE         .  32 

27.  MURRAY'S  PROPELLER  DRIVE 33 

28.  DAVIDSON'S  FISH-TAIL 34 

29.  DAVIDSON'S  MECHANISM  FOR  ACTUATING  TAIL     .        .        .        .34 

30.  LANCHESTER'S  FLYING  MACHINE 35 

31.  LANCHESTER'S  AEROPLANE  GIRDER 35 

32.  LANCHESTER'S  TANDEM  PROPELLER  DRIVE 36 

33.  HENNEBIQUE'S  STABILISATION  DEVICE 38 

34.  HENNEBIQUE'S  PROPELLER  DRIVE 38 

35.  STRAKA'S  TANDEM  PROPELLER  DRIVE 38 

36.  ESNAULT-PELTERIE'S  STEERING  AND  EQUILIBRIUM  MECHANISM  .    39 

37.  ESNAULT-PELTERIE'S  FLYING  MACHINE 40 

38  and  39.      ESNAULT  -  PELTERIE'S    STEERING    AND    EQUILIBRIUM 

MECHANISM 41 

40,  41  and  42.    ESNAULT-PELTERIE'S  EUDDER 42 

43.  HEEREN'S  STABILISATION  DEVICE 43 

44.  BLERIOT'S  EUDDER  MECHANISM 43 

45.  ESNAULT-PELTERIE'S  WING  BEAM 44 

46.  ESNAULT-PELTERIE'S  WING  BEAM 45 

A. p.  b 


x  LIST  OF  ILLUSTEATIONS 

FIG.  PAGE 

47.  SHADBOLT'S  EUDDER 45 

48.  BLERIOT'S  STEERING  MECHANISM 46 

49.  ESNAULT-PELTERIE'S  AUTOMATIC  WING- WARPING  ARRANGEMENT  47 

50.  GARSED'S  STABILISATION  DEVICE 48 

51.  CLARKE'S  PLYING  MACHINE 49 

52.  HARE'S  AEROPLANE        .        .        . 49 

53  and  54.    MAXIM'S  FLYING  MACHINE 50 

55.  TRIBELHORN'S  Box  EUDDER 51 

56.  BLERIOT'S  STEERING  LEVERS 51 

57.  BLERIOT'S  STEERING  MECHANISM 52 

58.  J.  M.  WRIGHT'S  PROPELLER  DRIVE 53 

59.  WRIGHTS'  FLYING  MACHINE 55 

60.  WRIGHTS'  VERTICAL  RUDDERS 56 

61.  ESNAULT-PELTERIE'S  SPRING  BUFFER 57 

62.  BLERIOT'S  WHEEL  SUPPORT   .        . 58 

63.  EOE'S  FLYING  MACHINE 58 

64.  WRIGHTS'  STABILISATION  DEVICE .59 

65.  66  and  67.    ESNAULT-PELTERIE'S  MOVABLE  BLADE  PROPELLER     .  61 

68.  LANCHESTER'S  STEERING  DEVICE 62 

69.  LANCHESTER'S  Box  EUDDER .62 

70  and  71.    GNOME  MOTOR    ....  .        .                .63 

72.  HERRING'S  GYROSCOPICALLY-CONTROLLED  PROPELLERS        .        .  64 

73.  WRIGHTS'  CAMBERED  EUDDER 65 

74.  SHORT'S  CAMBERED  EUDDER          .  .                .        .  67 

75.  SHORT'S  CAMBERED  PLANE  OR  EUDDER 68 

76  and  77.    GRACE'S  CLAMPING  DEVICE 69 


f 

UNIVERSITY 

• 

. 


AEKOPLANE  PATENTS 

SECTION  I 

ADVICE    TO   INVENTORS 

What  can  be  Patented. — A  valid  British  patent  can  be 
obtained  only  for  what  is  new,  useful  and  constitutes  invention. 
Novelty  alone  is  not  sufficient,  nor  yet  novelty  combined  with 
usefulness.  The  discovery  of  a  new  physical  law,  say,  for 
example,  a  new  law  relating  to  the  deflection  of  stream  lines  in 
moving  air,  could  not  be  patented  even  although  the  discovery 
might  be,  not  only  of  academic  interest,  but  also  of  practical 
value.  The  invention,  however,  of  a  new  form  of  aerofoil  adapted 
to  take  advantage  of  the  new  discovery  might  be  good  subject- 
matter  for  a  patent.  Moreover,  novelty  and  invention  are  not 
sufficient  without  usefulness;  and  a  patent  may  be  upset  for 
absence  of  utility.  A  patent  for  a  useless  invention  may  be  a 
hindrance  to  industry,  and  can  only  be  of  profit  to  the  patentee 
through  intentional  or  unintentional  deception. 

Novelty  according  to  British  law  means .  novelty  within  the 
United  Kingdom.  Prior  knowledge  of  the  invention  abroad, 
even  in  a  British  Colony,  is  no  bar  to  the  obtaining  of  a  valid 
British  patent ;  so  that  a  British  aviator  might  invent  and  patent, 
say,  a  new  form  of  attachment  of  propeller  blades  which  had 
previously  been  invented  by  an  American  and  employed  on  a 
ftying  machine  publicly  exhibited  in  America,  but  not  described 
in  any  printed  publication  in  circulation,  or  in  a  public  library, 
in  the  United  Kingdom  prior  to  the  Britisher's  date  of  application 
for  the  patent. 

Moreover,  an  inventor  is  not  debarred  from  obtaining  a 
valid  patent  for  an  invention  by  reason  of  the  invention 
having  previously  been  invented  by  another  party  and  tried 
in  secret  within  the  United  Kingdom.  It  frequently  happens 
that  two  persons  independently  invent  the  same  invention. 
Priority  is  then  accorded  to  the  first  of  the  two  who  applies 
A.P.  B 


2  AEEOPLANE   PATENTS 

for  the  patent,  even  although  the  other  party  was  the  first  to 
invent.* 

What  constitutes  "  Invention."— It  has  been  said  that 
invention  is  essential  in  order  to  obtain  a  valid  patent.  Whether 
a  certain  change  in  design  does  or  does  not  comprise  invention 
has  been  the  subject  of  many  a  lawsuit,  and  the  subject  cannot 
be  treated  exhaustively  in  the  present  volume.  Only  a  single 
piece  of  advice  will  be  given  which  will  be  illustrated  by  an 
example.  Suppose  that  the  improvement  lies  in  a  new  construc- 
tion of  transverse  rib  for  supporting  the  fabric  of  an  aeroplane 
wing.  The  inventor  or  designer  should  put  to  himself  the 
question :  Is  the  improvement  so  natural  and  so  obvious  that  an 
intelligent  workman  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  aeroplane 
wings  and  having  a  knowledge  of  all  that  has  already  been  done 
of  a  relevant  nature  would  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  think  of  it  ? 
If  the  answer  to  the  question  is  in  the  affirmative,  there  is 
probably  no  invention ;  if  in  the  negative,  there  probably  is.  In 
many  cases  the  inventor  or  improver  will  not  be  able  to  answer 
the  question  with  confidence,  and  in  such  cases  he  should  consult 
a  patent  agent  who  has  sufficient  knowledge  of  aeroplane  con- 
struction to  be  able  to  give  a  reliable  opinion. 

Patents  and  Designs. — Certain  novel  and  useful  improve- 
ments can  be  protected  by  registering  the  design.  It  is  cheaper 
to  register  a  design  than  to  obtain  protection  by  means  of  a 
patent ;  and  the  question  often  arises  as  to  which  means  should 
be  chosen  to  obtain  protection.  In  debating  this  question  it  is 
important  to  note  that,  in  considering  whether  a  new  design  is 
sufficiently  novel  and  distinctive  to  be  registrable,  and  also  in 
considering  whether  a  registered  design  is  infringed  by  a  some- 
what similar  design,  the  reason  for  adopting  the  design,  and  the 
utility  of  the  design,  must  be  put  in  the  background.  Designs 
should  be  compared  by  the  eye  alone.  An  engine  builder  might 
conceive,  say,  a  new  design  of  a  crank-shaft  bearing  which 
possessed  decided  advantages  but  which  might  be  of  such  a 
nature  that  it  could  be  imitated,  and  the  same  effect  obtained,  by 
many  other  designs  which,  judged  by  the  eye  alone,  were  all 
considerably  different  from  the  original.  Registration  of  design 
would  in  such  a  case  afford  little  protection  ;  but,  if  the  purpose 
of  the  innovation  were  new,  a  patent  could  be  obtained.  It 

*  See,  however,  remarks  on  International  Convention  on  p.  9. 


ADVICE   TO   INVENTOKS  3 

sometimes  happens  on  the  other  hand  that,  even  as  regards  a 
part  of  a  machine  which  is  not  exposed  to  public  view  and  in 
which  appearance  is  no  consideration,  the  virtue  of  a  particular 
configuration  lies  in  the  precise  design  adopted ;  and  in  such  a 
case  registration  of  design  affords  all  the  protection  possible  and 
is  easier  and  cheaper  to  obtain,  and  more  quickly  obtained,  than 
a  patent. 

The  term  of  a  patent  is  fourteen  years.  A  design  is  registered 
in  the  first  instance  for  five  years :  an  extension  of  term  for 
another  five  years  can  afterwards  be  obtained  ;  and,  with  the 
Comptroller's  consent,  a  second  extension  for  five  years  more 
may  be  obtained.  The  full  term  of  registration  for  a  design  may 
thus  be  fifteen  years. 

Who  Can  apply  for  a  Patent  ?— A  single  applicant  for  a 
British  Patent  must  be  the  inventor.  Where  there  are  two  or 
more  applicants,  these  must  include  the  inventor  or  inventors ; 
but  one  or  more  non-inventors  may  also  be  included.  What  really 
amounts  to  an  exception  to  this  rule  (although  it  may  be  argued  in 
legal  language  not  to  constitute  an  exception)  lies  in  the  fact 
that,  if  an  invention  previously  unknown  in  the  United  Kingdom 
is  communicated  to  a  party  in  the  United  Kingdom  from  a  party 
abroad,  the  communicatee  can  apply  for  a  patent.  There  is  a 
further  exception  to  the  rule  in  certain  cases  in  which  an  applica- 
tion for  a  British  patent  is  made  by  a  party  or  parties  who  have 
previously  applied  for  a  patent  abroad.  This  exception  is  of 
little  interest  to  the  British  inventor  and  need  not  be  discussed. 

Joint  Patentees, — As  it  is  common  for  two  or  more  persons 
to  combine  to  apply  for  a  patent,  the  respective  rights  of  the 
two  parties  are  of  interest.  It  should  be  noted  in  the  first  place 
that,  if  one  of  the  applicants  is  the  inventor  and  the  other  is  not, 
the  law  makes  no  distinction  between  the  two  :  each  has  the  same 
rights  as  the  other.  Moreover,  whether  one  or  more  of  the 
patentees  are  inventors,  any  one  of  them  has,  in  the  absence  of  an 
agreement,  the  right  to  work  the  invention  without  the  consent  of 
his  colleague  or  colleagues ;  but  no  one  of  them  can  grant  a 
licence  without  the  consent  of  the  others.  In  the  case  of  the 
death  of  one  of  the  patentees,  his  interest  in  the  patent  devolves 
on  his  personal  representatives.  Joint  applicants  for  a  patent 
should,  as  a  rule,  have  an  agreement  in  writing,  no  matter  how 
intimate  or  friendly  be  their  relationship  to  each  other. 

B2 


4  AEROPLANE   PATENTS 

Employees  and  Patents. — In  the  absence  of  an  agreement 
to  the  contrary,  it  is  quite  in  order  for  an  employee  to  apply  for  a 
patent  for  his  own  invention,  even  if  the  subject-matter  of  the 
invention  is  relevant  to  the  work  on  which  he  is  employed  and 
for  which  he  is  paid.  It  would  be  fraud,  however,  for  an 
employee  to  apply  for  a  patent  for  an  invention  which  originated 
with  his  employer  and  which  he  had  simply  developed  on  his 
employer's  instructions.  An  employer  is  quite  entitled  to  use 
his  employees  to  assist  him  in  working  out  his  ideas  and  in 
improving  them,  and  he  can  then,  quite  rightly,  apply  for  a 
patent  in  his  own  name  alone.  Moreover,  an  employer  may  ask 
his  employees  to  sign  an  agreement  to  the  effect  that  they  will 
not  apply  for  any  patents  without  first  obtaining  his  consent ; 
and,  without  any  specific  statement  on  the  subject,  the  terms  on 
which  an  employee  is  engaged  or  employed  may  render  a  particular 
invention  the  property  of  his  employer. 

When  an  employee  gives  up  his  rights  with  regard  to  his  own 
invention  to  his  employer,  it  is  not  allowable  for  the  latter  to 
apply  for  a  patent  in  his  own  name  alone  :  the  inventor  must  be 
the  applicant  or  a  joint  applicant.  In  all  cases  where  an  employer 
wishes  to  have  the  patent  rights  of  inventions  of  his  employee, 
a  written  and  stamped  agreement  is  desirable. 

Steps  to  take  to  apply  for  a  Patent.— As  soon  as  a 
would-be  patentee  has  decided  on  a  patent,  or  when  he  is  in 
doubt  as  to  whether  or  not  to  apply  for  a  patent,  he  should  consult 
a  patent  agent ;  and  the  writer  would  here  put  in  a  word  of 
warning  against  certain  individuals  and  firms  who  are  not,  and  do 
not  include  among  their  principals,  persons  who  are  qualified  to 
call  themselves  patent  agents  but  who  in  advertisements  or 
circulars  term  themselves  "  Patent  Experts  "  or  "Patent  Bureau," 
or  otherwise  try  to  evade  the  law  which  forbids  a  man  to  repre- 
sent that  he  is  a  patent  agent  unless  he  is  on  the  official  register 
prepared  in  accordance  with  Act  of  Parliament.* 

The  application  for  the  patent  should  be  made  before  the 
public  is  allowed  to  see  the  invention  ;  but  the  invention  may  be 
worked  in  secret  or  shown  or  described  in  confidence  to  one  or 

*  A  copy  of  this  register,  containing  the  names  and  addresses  of  all  patent 
agents,  can  be  obtained,  either  directly  or  through  any  bookseller,  from 
Messrs.  Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  Limited,  East  Harding  Street,  London,  E.C. 
Price,  Is.  Postage,  Id. 


ADVICE   TO   INVENTORS  5 

more  individuals  or  firms  before  the  date  of  application.  It  is 
desirable  to  take  all  reasonable  precautions  to  prevent  the  inven- 
tion being  known  to  the  public  before  the  date  of  application  ;  but 
any  disclosure  through  breach  of  faith  will  not  be  a  bar  to  the 
grant  of  a  valid  patent  if  the  applicant  lodges  his  application 
without  undue  delay  after  hearing  of  the  disclosure  of  the  inven- 
tion. The  patent  agent  will  give  the  applicant  the  necessary 
information  about  Patent  Office  requirements  with  regard  to  an 
application  for  patent. 

Provisional  Protection. — An  application  for  patent  can  be 
lodged  accompanied  either  by  a  provisional  or  by  a  complete 
specification  of  the  invention.  When  the  former  alternative  is 
chosen,  a  complete  specification  must  be  subsequently  filed  in 
order  to  obtain  a  patent.  The  invention  does  not  require  to  be 
described  in  such  detail  in  a  provisional  as  in  a  complete 
specification,  and,  with  the  former,  drawings  are  not  as  a  rule 
required.  Moreover,  in  a  provisional  specification  the  applicant's 
claims  do  not  require  to  be  particularly  formulated. 

In  the  majority  of  cases  it  is  the  better  course  to  file  a  pro- 
visional specification  in  the  first  instance,  because  the  trials  of 
the  invention  under  service  conditions  often  suggest  small  (and 
occasionally  large)  improvements  which  can  be  incorporated  in 
the  complete  specification  ;  and  it  is  usually  not  safe  to  put  the 
invention  into  service  until  a  patent  has  been  applied  for.  Suppose 
for  example,  that  the  invention  consists  in  a  shock-absorbing  or 
shock-reducing  device  for  use  on  alighting.  The  invention 
may  have  been  well  thought  out,  and  a  model  tried  and  found  to 
work  satisfactorily,  and  the  device  may  even  have  been  fitted  to 
a  flying  machine  and  proved  to  act  as  intended  during  one  or 
two  descents ;  but  it  cannot  be  expected  that  the  machine  and 
aviator  will  be  intentionally  exposed  to  risk  of  severe  injury  in 
order  to  test  the  limit  of  its  usefulness.  If,  however,  pro- 
visional protection  is  obtained,  it  may  happen  that  a  prolonged 
experience  or  an  accident  may  suggest  valuable  improvements. 

Moreover,  the  filing  of  a  provisional  specification  in  the  first 
instance  puts  the  applicant  to  less  initial  expense ;  and,  before 
it  is  necessary  to  file  a  complete  specification,  he  may,  if  not  a 
manufacturer  himself,  have  come  to  an  arrangement  with  a 
manufacturer.  Moreover,  he  may,  during  the  interval,  acquire 
experience  or  knowledge  which  shows  him  that  it  will  be 


6  AEROPLANE   PATENTS 

advisable  to  abandon  the  application,  or  to  frame  his  claims  in 
a  way  which  he  would  not  have  done  had  he  filed  a  complete 
specification  in  the  first  instance.  Six  months — or,  on  payment 
of  a  late  fee,  seven  months — can  elapse  from  the  filing  of  a 
provisional,  to  the  filing  of  a  complete,  specification. 

One  complete  specification  can  embody  the  subject-matter  of 
two  or  more  provisional  specifications  which  in  the  opinion  of  the 
examiner  are  sufficiently  allied  to  each  other.  In  this  case  one 
patent  only  is  granted,  a  saving  in  fees  thus  being  effected. 

When  a  person  files  an  application  for  a  patent  accompanied 
by  a  provisional  specification,  he  is  said  to  apply  for  "  provisional 
protection";  and  provisional  protection  dates  from  the  date  of 
application. 

Complete  Specification  in  first  instance.— In  many  cases, 
however,  it  is  desirable  to  file  a  complete  specification  in  the 
first  instance  in  order  to  get  the  full  advantage  of  a  patent  at 
as  early  a  date  as  possible.  An  action  for  infringement  cannot 
be  commenced  until  a  patent  has  actually  been  granted,  which  is 
not  until  the  complete  specification  has  been  received,  examined, 
accepted  and  published  by  the  Patent  Office,  and,  although 
retrospective  damages  may  be  obtained,  this  applies  only  to 
the  period  subsequent  to  the  publication  of  the  complete 
specification. 

Search  as  to  Novelty. — The  inventor  is  always  more  or 
less  in  doubt  as  to  the  novelty  of  his  invention,  and  the  question 
often  arises  as  to  whether  he  should  have  a  search  made  through 
the  patent  records  with  the  object  of  reducing  the  uncertainty 
to  a  minimum.  An  invention  may,  of  course,  be  anticipated  by 
some  publication  not  to  be  found  in  the  patent  records  ;  but  a 
thorough  search  made  by  a  competent  person  familiar  with  the 
official  method  of  abridging  the  specifications  and  having  the 
necessary  technical  knowledge  will,  as  a  rule,  leave  only  a  small 
chance  that  anything  which  would  anticipate  the  invention  exists 
and  has  not  been  found. 

As  the  British  Patent  Office  makes  a  search,  it  is  often  best 
for  the  inventor  to  save  expense  by  applying  for  a  patent 
without  previously  making  any  search,  and  this  is  the  course 
which  is  usually  adopted.  When,  however,  it  is  proposed  to 
spend  much  money  on  the  invention  before  the  result  of  the 
British  Patent  Office  search  is  made  known,  it  is  generally  to 


ADVICE   TO  INVENTOKS  7 

be  recommended  that  a  patent  agent  be  instructed  to  make  a 
search.  Of  course  a  patent  agent  may,  without  making  a  search, 
be  able  to  inform  the  inventor  of  some  prior  patent  which  will 
affect  him,  but  he  cannot  be  expected  to  be  familiar  with  all  that 
is  contained  in  the  patent  records.  A  search,  if  decided  on, 
should  be  done  well. 

What  to  Claim. — An  inventor  must  be  largely  influenced  by 
the  advice  of  his  patent  agent  on  the  matter  of  his  patent 
claims ;  but  a  few  words  of  advice  may  be  useful.  If  too  little 
is  claimed,  the  patent  does  not  give  adequate  protection  ;  if  too 
much  is  claimed,  the  patent  is  invalid.  It  may  be  thought  at 
first  that  only  reasonable  care  is  required  to  avoid  claiming  too 
much  or  too  little,  but  this  is  not  the  case.  The  inventor  must 
remember  that  there  are  other  persons  who  are  as  clever — or  let  us 
say  almost  as  clever — as  himself,  and  that  it  is  usually  easier  to 
modify  an  invention  than  to  originate  it.  A  rival  may,  by  a  suitable 
modification,  avoid  a  claim  and  effect  as  good,  or  nearly  as  good,  a 
result ;  and  if,  to  guard  against  such  an  event,  the  claim  is  made 
very  wide,  it  may  read  so  as  to  include  some  device  other  than  the 
inventor's  but  already  known,  which  would  render  the  patent 
invalid. 

The  inventor,  in  consultation  with  his  patent  agent,  must  try 
to  decide  as  to  what  really  constitutes  the  invention — what,  as 
the  Germans  express  it,  is  the  new  technical  effect.  A  knowledge 
by  the  patent  agent  of  the  principles  of  the  subject  to  which 
the  invention  relates  is  of  the  utmost  use  in  enabling  him  to  dis- 
tinguish between  essential  and  non-essential  differences  in  design. 

The  inventor  should  inform  his  patent  agent  of  all  that  he 
knows  has  been  previously  done  which  will  affect  his  patent. 
Some  inventors  are  inclined  to  hold  back  information  which 
might  minimise  their  invention.  Sometimes  this  is  done  inten- 
tionally, and  at  other  times  unconsciously.  It  is  a  practice  to  be 
avoided.  In  the  belief  that  the  applicant  is  entitled  to  broader 
claims  than  he  really  is,  the  patent  agent  may  insert  claims  which 
may  be  objected  to  by  the  examiner  and  so  cause  unnecessary 
trouble,  or  the  examiner  may  pass  the  claims  and  the  patent  may 
be  invalid. 

Moreover,  the  withholding  of  information  may  mislead  the 
patent  agent  as  to  the  real  gist  of  the  invention,  and  cause  the 
whole  specification  to  be  drawn  up  according  to  a  wrong  scheme, 


8  AEROPLANE   PATENTS 

which  cannot  be  satisfactorily  put  right  by  amendment  after  the 
specification  has  once  reached  the  Patent  Office. 

It  cannot  be  too  much  emphasised  that,  in  order  to  obtain  the 
utmost  protection  for  an  important  invention,  it  is  necessary  that 
the  patent  agent  should  combine  with  a  knowledge  of  patent  law 
and  procedure,  not  only  a  mind's-eye  view  of  the  physical  aspect  of 
the  invention,  but  an  appreciation  of  the  characteristic  idea  which 
is  its  distinguishing  feature. 

Opposition  to  Patent. — After  a  complete  specification  has 
been  accepted,  i.e.,  passed  as  in  order  by  the  Patent  Office 
examiner,  it  is  published,  and  any  interested  party  can  oppose 
the  grant  of  a  patent.  Some  firms  directly,  or  through  their 
patent  agents,  watch  for  applications  for  patents  which,  if  granted, 
would  adversely  affect  them.  It  involves  much  less  expense  to 
oppose  the  grant  of  a  patent  than  to  afterwards  bring  an  action 
to  have  it  revoked.  The  question  of  opposition  cannot  be  dis- 
cussed at  length  here,  and  it  must  suffice  to  say  that  two  months 
are  allowed  from  the  advertisement  of  acceptance  of  a  complete 
specification  in  the  Official  Journal  in  which  to  lodge  opposition. 

Duration  of  Patent. — The  normal  term  of  a  British  patent 
is  fourteen  years,  but,  in  order  to  keep  the  patent  in  force  for 
this  period,  it  is  necessary  to  pay  renewal  fees  commencing  at  the 
end  of  the  fourth  year  of  the  term.  The  applicant  for  a  patent 
does  not  incur  any  liability  to  pay  these  fees,  but,  if  they  are  not 
paid,  the  patent  lapses.  The  term  of  the  patent  is  reckoned  from 
the  date  of  application  in  Great  Britain  except  that,  when  an  earlier 
date  is  claimed  in  virtue  of  an  earlier  application  in  another 
convention  country,*  the  term  is  reckoned  from  this  earlier  date. 
An  extension  of  the  term  of  a  patent  beyond  fourteen  years  can 
sometimes  be  obtained,  if  it  can  be  proved  that  the  patentee  has 
been  inadequately  remunerated,  taking  into  account  the  nature 
and  merits  of  the  invention.  It  is  not  worth  while  incurring  the 
expense  of  an  application  for  extension  of  term  unless  a  very  good 
case  can  be  put  forward,  and  it  may  here  be  mentioned  that  the 
Court  may  be  greatly  concerned  with  the  remuneration  of  the 
original  patentee  and  show  little  or  no  concern  with  the  remunera- 
tion of  any  individual  or  company  who  may  have  acquired  or  be 
working  the  patent. 

*  The  term  "  convention  country  "  is  explained  on  p.  9. 


ADVICE   TO  INVENTOKS  9 

Colonial  and  Foreign  Patents :  International  Conven- 
tion.— Patents  for  inventions  can  be  obtained  in  most  civilised 
countries ;  and  in  certain  countries  where  patents  are  not  granted 
protection  can  be  obtained  of  a  nature  which  is  nearly  equivalent 
to  that  given  by  a  patent.  It  would  be  impossible  in  this  volume 
to  give  even  a  summary  of  the  laws  in  the  various  British  posses- 
sions and  foreign  countries ;  but  a  few  remarks  may  be  made 
about  applying  for  patents  abroad.  A  large  number  of  the  more 
important  foreign  states,  together  with  Great  Britain  and  certain 
British  Colonies,  are  signatories  to  an  International  Convention, 
and,  by  one  of  the  clauses  of  the  Convention,  a  British  inventor 
can  file  applications  for  patents  in  the  other  convention  countries 
any  time  within  twelve  months  from  the  date  of  his  application 
in  Great  Britain,  and  can  secure  for  these  applications  the  benefit 
of  the  British  date.  An  inventor  has,  therefore,  ten  or  eleven 
months  from  the  date  of  filing  his  application  in  Great  Britain  in 
which  to  ascertain  how  his  invention  is  likely  to  turn  out  in 
service,  and  in  which  to  obtain  if  necessary  financial  assistance  or 
to  assign  his  rights,  or  grant,  or  arrange  to  grant,  licences. 

Moreover,  a  person  who  has  filed  an  application  for  a  patent 
for  any  invention  in  a  convention  country  other  than  Great 
Britain,  prior  to  his  British  application,  can  obtain  for  his  British 
patent  the  date  of  his  application  in  this  other  country.  Speak- 
ing generally,  the  date  of  the  first  application  in  any  convention 
country  can  be  obtained  for  all  subsequent  applications  for  the 
same  invention  in  other  convention  countries  up  to  the  twelve- 
month limit. 

It  is  not  of  course  every  invention  which  it  is  worth  while  to 
patent  abroad,  even  if  the  inventor  has  money  to  devote  to  this 
purpose  ;  but  in  many  cases  it  is  advisable  to  apply  for  patents  in 
a  greater  or  less  number  of  colonial  or  foreign  countries ;  and  it 
is  not  always  wise  to  delay  till  near  the  end  of  the  twelve  months 
allowed  by  the  International  Convention.  In  Germany  especially 
it  is  advisable  to  file  an  application  as  soon  as  it  is  decided  to 
apply  for  a  patent  in  that  country  ;  and  in  the  case  of  the  United 
States  of  America  the  pros  and  cons  of  early  and  late  application 
should  be  discussed  for  every  invention. 

German  Gebrauchsmuster.— In  a  case  where  a  patent  can- 
not be  obtained  in  Germany  for  a  modification  in  design  which, 
although  important  and  useful,  would  not  be  considered  by  the 


10  AEEOPLANE   PATENTS 

German  Patent  Office  as  suitable  subject-matter  for  a  patent, 
protection  can  be  obtained  by  means  of  a  "  Gebrauchsmuster." 
A  Gebrauchsmuster,  moreover,  costs  less  than  a  patent.  A  new 
section  of  frame  member,  or  a  new  design  for  connecting 
longitudinal  with  cross  members,  might  be  covered  by  a 
Gebrauchsmuster,  where  a  patent  would  almost  certainly  be 
refused.  In  some  cases  it  is  advisable  to  lodge  applications  at 
the  same  time  both  for  a  patent  and  a  Gebrauchsmuster  and  only 
rely  on  the  latter  if  the  former  is  refused. 

Delaying  Acceptance  or  Sealing  of  British  Patent. — 

In  the  case  of  certain  British  possessions  and  certain  foreign 
countries  the  period  during  which  an  application  for  a  patent  can 
be  filed  terminates  a  certain  time  after  the  date  of  sealing  of  the 
British  patent  for  the  same  invention ;  and  in  the  case  of  other 
countries  the  publication  of  the  British  specification  prior  to  the 
application  for  a  patent  in  these  countries  is  a  bar  to  the  grant  of 
a  patent.  It  is,  therefore,  in  many  cases  advisable  to  delay  the 
publication  of  the  British  specification  or  the  sealing  of  the 
British  patent.  Publication,  in  the  normal  course  of  events, 
follows  immediately  after  the  complete  specification  is  passed  by 
the  examiner  as  satisfactory ;  and  the  patent  is  sealed,  if 
unopposed,  after  the  opposition  period  has  elapsed  and  the  sealing 
fee  has  been  paid.  Publication  and  sealing  may,  however,  be 
delayed  if  desired  by  the  applicant;  and  it  is  frequently 
expedient  to  effect  delay.  Each  case  must  be  considered 
independently. 

Patents   for    Supplementary   Inventions.  —  When   an 

invention  is  supplementary  to  that  for  which  a  previous  patent 
has  been  applied  for  or  granted — if  it  is,  for  example,  an  improve- 
ment in,  or  modification  of,  the  device  or  apparatus  forming  the 
subject-matter  of  the  prior  patent — the  applicant  may  apply  for  a 
"  patent  of  addition  "  instead  of  for  an  ordinary  patent.  The 
advantage  of  a  patent  of  addition  lies  in  the  fact  that  no  renewal 
fees  have  to  be  paid  to  keep  it  in  force  except  those  that  are 
required  to  keep  the  primary  patent  in  force.  That  is,  the  one 
set  of  renewal  fees  serves  both  for  the  primary  patent  and  the 
patent  of  addition.  The  disadvantage  of  a  patent  of  addition  is 
that  it  terminates  with  the  primary  patent  instead  of  running 
fourteen  years.  It  rests  with  the  Patent  Office  examiner  to  decide 
what  constitutes  good  subject-matter  for  a  patent  of  addition  ; 


ADVICE   TO   INVENTORS  11 

and  the  examiner's  views  in  this  respect  may  differ  from  the 
applicant's. 

If  the  examiner  decides  that  the  invention  is  not  what  he  con- 
siders good  subject-matter  for  a  patent  of  addition,  and  if  this 
constitutes  his  only  objection,  he  will  allow  the  application  to  be 
amended,  and  an  ordinary  patent  to  be  applied  for,  without  loss 
of  date  or  of  stamp  fees. 

There  is  no  limit  to  the  number  of  patents  of  addition  which 
can  be  dependent  on  the  one  primary  or  principal  patent ;  but  a 
patent  of  addition  cannot  be  dependent  on  another  patent  of 
addition. 

Exploiting  an  Invention. — When  an  inventor  is  not  in  a 
position  to  directly  make  money  from  his  invention  by  putting  it 
into  practice  himself,  it  is  of  course  necessary  to  come  to  an 
arrangement  with  a  manufacturer.  It  is  usually  of  advantage  for 
the  inventor  to  approach  the  manufacturer  directly  if  this  is 
possible  ;  but  sometimes  another  party  can  better  secure  an  inter- 
view with  the  manufacturer  or  is  in  a  position  to  negotiate  better 
terms.  In  this  connection  it  may  be  well  to  advise  the  inventor 
not  to  pay  fees,  except  on  the  basis  of  commission,  to  any 
individual  or  firm  who  offers  to  arrange  terms  with  manufacturers 
but  whom  he  knows  only  through  advertisement  or  circular.  In 
that  case,  if  no  real  service  is  rendered,  no  expense  is  incurred. 

In  putting  an  invention  before  a  party  whom  it  is  hoped  will 
take  it  up,  it  is  desirable  to  have  an  example  or  model,  if  this  will 
help  the  explanation ;  and  the  article  exhibited  should  be  as 
nearly  as  possible  the  exact  likeness  of  what  will  be  adopted  in 
practice.  A  bad  model  lowers  the  apparent  value  of  the  inven- 
tion in  spite  of  explanation  as  to  how  it  can  be  improved. 

It  is  important  to  show  the  manufacturer  what  he  will  gain  by 
taking  up  the  invention.  It  is  not  sufficient  for  the  inventor  to 
show  that  his  invention  is  on  more  scientific  lines  than  what  it  is 
intended  to  replace,  or  even  to  show  that  it  will  be  better  for  the 
user.  The  manufacturer  naturally  does  not  want  to  go  to  expense 
unless  he  can  recover  his  outlay  and,  moreover,  he  wants  some 
substantial  gain  to  compensate  him  for  the  risk  and  trouble 
which  he  subjects  himself  to. 

Assignment  of  Patents. — A  patentee's  rights  can  be 
assigned  or  transferred  to  any  party,  who  then  in  reality  becomes 
the  patentee,  except  that  the  assignee's  rights  may  be  limited  to 


12  AEROPLANE   PATENTS 

a  portion  or  district  of  the  United  Kingdom.  A  patentee  may 
assign  his  patent  to  several  independent  parties,  in  each  case  the 
assignment  being  applicable  to  a  different  portion  of  the  kingdom. 
Assignment  is  performed  by  deed  which  is  usually  drawn  up  by  a 
solicitor.  There  are  many  points  to  be  watched  in  drawing  up 
the  deed  of  assignment  which,  however,  cannot  be  discussed  in 
this  volume ;  the  patent  agent  should  as  a  rule  be  consulted. 

Licences. — A  patentee  may  grant  a  licence  to  use,  vend  or 
manufacture  his  invention  ;  and  the  said  licence  may  be  unlimited 
geographically,  or  may  be  limited  to  a  particular  portion  of  the 
United  Kingdom.  Moreover,  it  may  give  the  licensee  the 
exclusive  right  to  manufacture,  use  or  sell  the  invention  in 
the  United  Kingdom  or  in  a  district;  or  other  manufacturers 
may  also  be  licensed  for  the  same  territory.  A  licence  is  usually 
granted  in  consideration  of  a  royalty,  and  other  conditions  are 
attached;  an  agreement  is  therefore  involved,  and  this  agreement 
conferring  the  licence  should  be  in  writing  and  be  stamped.  A 
licence,  or  more  properly  an  agreement  for  a  licence,  may  be 
made  for  a  prospective  patent  for  an  invention  for  which  only 
provisional  protection  has  as  yet  been  obtained. 

Royalties- — It  is  common  practice  for  a  manufacturer,  who 
holds  a  licence,  to  pay  the  patentee  a  certain  sum  of  money  for 
each  article  made  according  to  the  invention,  or  to  pay  a  certain 
percentage  of  the  list  price  of  each  article  sold,  or  a  certain 
percentage  of  the  actual  receipts  obtained  from  the  sale  of  the 
articles.  Sometimes  a  clause  in  the  licence  agreement  provides 
that  the  annual  total  of  royalties  shall  not  be  less  than  a  certain 
amount.  Such  a  clause  is  necessary  in  the  interests  of  the 
licensor  if  the  licence  is  exclusive  and  if  it  cannot  be  determined 
at  will  by  the  licensor,  as  otherwise  the  licensee  might  pursue  a 
dog-in-the-manger  policy  which  in  many  cases  it  would  be  in  his 
interest  to  pursue. 

Working  of  Patented  Inventions.— It  is  not  intended  by 
the  Patent  Law  that  a  person  shall  take  advantage  of  his  patent 
to  prevent  the  public  from  benefiting  by  his  invention.  He  is 
expected  to  work  his  invention,  or  allow  it  to  be  worked  by 
others,  if  the  public  will  benefit  thereby ;  and  moreover  it  is 
expected  that  the  invention  be  worked  in  the  United  Kingdom. 
The  subject  will  be  explained  by  examples. 


ADVICE   TO   INVENTOKS  18 

Suppose  that  a  manufacturer  has  a  slow-rotation  (relatively 
speaking)  engine  which  is  very  suitable  for  the  direct  drive  of 
aerial  propellers,  and  is  in  fact  so  advantageous  for  this  purpose 
that  the  manufacturer  has  practically  a  monopoly  of  the  supply  of 
engines  for  direct  driving,  hut  that  he  has  to  compete  with  high 
speed  engines  and  geared  propellers  supplied  by  other  makers 
which  obtain  a  considerable  sale.  This  manufacturer  invents, 
let  us  suppose,  an  improved  system  of  gearing  which  is  of  no  use 
with  his  engine  but  would  be  of  great  use  to  his  opponents  ;  and 
he  applies  for  and  obtains  a  patent  for  this  gearing.  He  would 
like,  no  doubt,  to  prevent  this  invention  being  employed,  but  he 
has  not  a  right  to  refuse  to  work  it  and  also  refuse  to  grant 
licences  to  others  to  work  it.  If  he  does  so  refuse,  one  of  his 
opponents  may  apply  for,  and  obtain,  a  compulsory  licence  on 
terms  fixed  by  the  Court,  or  the  patent  may  even  be  revoked  by 
order  of  the  Court. 

Suppose  now  that  the  same  manufacturer  invents  some  improved 
detail  in  connection  with  his  own  engine,  and  that  this  detail 
requires  special  and  expensive  plant  for  its  economical  manu- 
facture. The  manufacturer  may  wish  to  make  this  detail  in  one 
factory  only,  and  it  may  be  preferable  for  him  to  have  this  factory 
in,  say,  France,  and  supply  the  British  market  by  importation. 
Unless,  however,  he  manufactures  in  Great  Britain  within  four 
years  from  the  date  of  his  patent  he  is  liable,  if  he  is  manufacturing 
abroad,  to  have  his  British  patent  revoked.  It  does  not  follow 
that  revocation  will  in  every  case  follow  working  abroad  with 
non-working  in  Great  Britain ;  but  the  question  cannot  be 
discussed  at  length  in  this  volume,  and  the  warning  given  above 
must  suffice. 


SECTION   II 

REVIEW    OF    BRITISH    PATENTS 

EVERY  British  patent  relating  to  heavier-than-air  flying 
machines  is  not  reviewed  in  this  section.  In  the  official  abridg- 
ments prepared  at  and  published  by  the  Patent  Office  an 
abridgment  is  given  of  the  specification  of  every  British  Patent 
granted  at  least  since  1855.  Ten  volumes  of  these  abridgments 
are  devoted  to  aeronautics.  To  read  through  these  volumes  is, 
however,  tedious ;  and,  unless  each  abridgment  is  carefully  read, 
something  of  interest  may  be  missed. 

The  official  abridgments  are,  in  general,  very  carefully  prepared 
and,  as  regards  recently  published  volumes,  fulfil  their  purpose 
very  well ;  but  the  official  abridger  is  always  handicapped  in  so 
far  that  he  must  be  absolutely  impartial ;  and  therefore  the  space 
which  he  devotes  to  a  particular  specification  may  be  out  of 
all  relationship  to  its .  interest  or  value.  Moreover,  he  must 
not  express  his  opinion  as  to  the  bearing  of  one  patent  on 
another. 

The  author's  object  has  been  to  pick  out  only  those  patents 
which  are  of  outstanding  interest  or  which  disclose  some 
construction  which,  from  its  nature  or  its  date  ^of  disclosure,  is  of 
particular  interest.  Probably  there  have  been  errors  of  omission. 
Moreover,  the  author's  object  has  been  to  pick  out  the  important 
point  or  points  in  every  specification  reviewed,  and  to  make  these 
as  clear  as  possible  without  regard  to  the  language  of  the  specifi- 
cation which  is  often  laborious. 

In  cases  where  much  the  same  device  has  been  described  in 
several  successive  specifications  of  different  inventors,  the  first,  or 
one  prior  to  1896,  has  been  selected,  with  the  idea  of  giving  light 
to  the  manufacturer  on  the  question  of  infringement  of  a  later 
patent  now  in  force. 

Patents  for  flying  machines  which  do  not  appear  to  be  of  a 
practical  design,  or  of  a  design  which  is  at  present  in  use  or  is 
likely  to  be  adopted  in  the  future,  but  which  contain  some 
proposal  of  interest,  have,  as  a  rule,  been  reviewed  without  an 


EEVIEW  OF   BRITISH   PATENTS  15 

illustration ;  but  it  does  not  follow  that  the  absence  of  an  illus- 
tration necessarily  puts  the  patent  into  this  category. 

In  many  cases  the  mechanism  described  and  illustrated  is  not 
of  a  nature  which  could  be  recommended  for  adoption  in  actual 
service ;  but  the  idea  is  suggestive,  or  the  disclosure  of  a  nature 
to  affect  the  obtaining  of  patents  for  contrivances  having  similar 
objects  in  view. 

The  patentee's  claims  are  usually  not  given.  The  claims  in  a 
modern  aeroplane  patent  should  be  studied  with  the  assistance  of 
a  patent  agent.  The  claims  in  many  cases  appear  to  give  the 
patentee  much  broader  protection  than  he  is  entitled  to. 

The  date  in  the  reviews  given  below  which  immediately  follows 
the  number  of  each  patent  is  the  date  of  application.  When, 
previous  to  this  date,  a  patent  for  the  same  invention  has  been 
applied  for  by  the  same  inventor  or  with  his  consent  in  one  or 
more  other  countries  signatory  to  the  International  Convention, 
the  date  of  the  first  application  in  a  convention  country  is  given 
in  parenthesis.  The  term  of  the  British  patent  counts  from  this 
date.  See  Section  I.,  p.  8. 

5251  of  Nov.  3,  1882.— P.  Jensen  (G.  Koch). 

This  patent  relates  to  a  dirigible  balloon,  and  in  the  specification 
it  is  stated  that  air,  instead  of  water,  may  be  employed  as  the 
cooling  agent  for  a  gas  engine  employed  to  propel  the  vessel, 
and  that  a  pipe  may  be  provided  to  convey  the  air  from  the 
front  of  the  machine  to  the  cylinders  and  thence  to  the  rear  of  the 
machine.  The  pipe  may  be  in  the  shape  of  an  Archimedean  screw 
worked  by  the  engine  in  order  to  assist  the  cooling  effect. 

4245  of  Sept.  3, 1883.— J.  H.  Johnson  (E.  J.  Delaurier). 

It  is  proposed  by  the  inventor  to  employ  the  reaction  of  a 
steam  jet  to  propel  an  aerial  machine,  and  he  suggests  pivoting  the 
discharge  nozzle  so  as  to  allow  for  altering  the  angle  of  the  jet. 

13768  of  Oct.  17,  1884,  and  13311  of  Aug.  6,  1891.— 
H.  F.  Phillips. 

In  the  specifications  of  these  two  patents  the  idea  of  employ- 
ing multi-planes  with  camber  is  set  forth.  The  inventor  had 
apparently  some  idea  of  the  best  form  and  arrangement  of  planes 
to  give  maximum  supporting  effort.  He  advocates  a  series  of 
planes  arranged  at  a  suitable  distance  apart  so  that  the  air  may 
act  independently  on  each  without  disturbance  by  the  others. 


16  AEEOPLANE   PATENTS 

The  planes  are  to  be  long  relatively  to  their  width  and  are 
to  be  moved  through  the  air  in  the  direction  of  their  width 
or  shorter  dimension.  The  upper  surface  of  each  plane  is  to 
be  convex.  The  general  design  and  arrangement  of  the  planes 
is,  therefore,  that  adopted  in  present-day  multi-plane  flying 
machines.  Figs.  1  and  2  are  fore-and-aft  vertical  sections  of 
two  of  the  designs  of  plane  proposed.  Phillips'  ideas  as  to  the 
advantage  of  camber  were  either  not  quite  correct  or  else  not 


Fig.  1.— Phillips'  Planes. 


Fig.  2.— Phillips'  Planes. 

correctly  expressed,  but  a  careful  perusal  of  the  specifications  tends 
to  bring  one  to  the  conclusion  that  his  ideas  were  in  the  main  sound. 

10068  of  Aiig.  25,  1885.— T.  Griffiths. 

It  is  proposed  to  propel  a  balloon  by  the  reaction  of  steam  and 
furnace  gases  ejected  together  through  nozzles. 

10359  of  June  25,  1889.— Hiram  S.  Maxim. 

This  patent  covers  the  construction  of  a  steam  generator  and 
steam  engine  intended  for  use  on  flying  machines.  Both  engine 
and  generator  are  very  skilfully  and  ingeniously  designed  in 
order  to  secure  extreme  lightness.  As  it  appears  unlikely 
that  steam  engines  will  again  be  employed  for  aerial  propul- 
sion, and  as  a  short  abridgment  of  the  specification  would  not 
do  justice  to  the  invention  with  its  many  important  details,  no 
description  will  be  here  given.  Those  interested  had  better 
obtain  the  complete  specification. 

16883  of  Oct.  25,  1889.— Hiram  S.  Maxim. 

When  application  was  made  for  this  patent  Sir  Hiram  Maxim 
was  working  hard  with  the  object  of  evolving,  what  had  not 
up  to  that  date  been  obtained,  a  practical  heavier-than-air 
flying  machine.  The  specification  includes  a  description  of  a 


REVIEW  OF  BRITISH  PATENTS 


17 


device  intended  for  keeping  constant  the  altitude  at  which  the 
flying  machine  travels. 

In  Fig.  3,  A  is  a  hollow  lever  which  is  oscillated  in  order  to 
drive,  for  example,  the  fuel  pump  of  the  motor.  B  is  a  ratchet 
wheel  which  is  fixed  on  a  spindle  C,  and  which  is  engaged  by  one 
or  other  of  the  pawls  D,  E,  carried  by  the  lever  F,  which  is 
fulcrummed  at  G.  The  continuous  oscillation  of  the  lever  A, 
which  occurs  when  the  motor  is  running,  causes  the  ratchet 
wheel  B  to  be  intermittently  rotated  in  one  or  the  other  direction, 
according  as  the  pawl  D  or  the  pawl  E  engages  with  the  teeth  of 


Fig.  3.— Maxim's  Altitude  Control. 

the  wheel ;  and  mechanism  is  provided  whereby  the  length  of 
stroke  of  the  fuel  pump  is  lengthened  or  shortened  by  the 
rotation  of  the  wheel  B  in  one  or  the  other  direction  respectively. 
The  lever  F  is  connected  by  means  of  the  link  H  with  the  centre 
of  the  circular  corrugated  top  of  the  closed  box  J,  of  which  the 
centre  of  the  opposite  and  similar  end  is  anchored  to  a  fixed  part 
of  the  machine.  As  the  flying  machine  rises  or  falls  in  the  air, 
the  change  in  the  atmospheric  pressure  on  the  outside  of  the  box 
will  produce  a  movement  in  the  link  H,  and  by  this  means  one 
or  other  or  neither  of  the  pawls  D,  E  is  put  into  engagement 
with  the  teeth  of  the  wheel  B,  so  regulating  the  stroke  of  the 
fuel  pump.  The  speed  of  the  machine  is  thus  affected  and,  as 
the  rising  effort  is  proportional  to  the  speed,  the  altitude  of  the 
A.P.  C 


18 


AEKOPLANE   PATENTS 


machine  is  thus  kept  constant.  Positive  regulation  can  be 
effected  by  means  of  the  thumb  nut  K  which  controls  the  tension 
of  the  spring  L.  Although  this  device  has  probably  never  been 
employed,  it  may  be  of  interest  as  affecting  Letters  Patents  of 
later  date  relating  to  automatic  means  for  controlling  the  altitude 
of  aeroplanes. 

Another  device  described  in  the  same  specification  has 
reference  to  the  auxiliary  planes  N,  N,  Fig.  4,  which  are  attached 
to  the  sides  (that  is,  the  tips)  of  the  main  plane  and  which  can  be 
adjusted  by  hand.  Moreover,  by  means  of  the  cords  0,  0,  these 
planes  are  rapidly  and  automatically  pulled  down  whenever  the 


Fig.  4.— Maxim's  Wing  Tip. 

wheels  of  the  machine  touch  the  ground  on  alighting,  thereby 
diminishing  the  shock  of  landing. 

Fig.  5  shows  the  construction  of  the  blades  of  the  propeller. 
Each  blade  consists  of  spokes  S,  S,  covered  with  suitable  fabric 
JT — which  does  not  extend  to  the  propeller  boss — and  inserted  in 
sockets  T  which  are  passed  through  a  tubular  boss  E,  provided 
with  flange  P.  It  is  proposed  to  stiffen  the  blades  by  means  of 
stay  ropes  or  the  like. 

12349  of  Aug.  7,  1890.— T.  Griffiths  and 
H.  W.  Beddoes. 

The  inventors  propose  to  propel  an  aerial  machine  by  the 
reaction  produced  by  the  discharge  of  the  products  of  combustion 
of  an  explosive  mixture  (e.g.,  a  combustible  gas  and  air)  com- 
pressed by  a  pump  before  ignition. 


KEVIEW  OF  BKITISH  PATENTS  19 


Fig.  5.— Maxim's  Propeller. 

2557  of  Feb.  6,  1893.— H.  T.  Barnett  and 
30932  of  Dec.  31,  1897.— W.  T.  Carter. 

Both  inventors  propose  to  arrange  two  propellers  co-axially  and 
adjacent  to  each  other,  one  behind  the  other,  the  forward  pro- 
peller being  mounted  on  a  hollow  shaft  through  the  interior 
of  which  passes  the  shaft  of  the  aft  propeller.  The  two 
shafts  are  rotated  in  opposite  directions  by  direct  connection 
to  the  two  elements  of  a  rotary  motor  of  which  both  parts  rotate. 

c2 


20 


AEKOPLANE  PATENTS. 


Fig.  6. 


25050  of  Dec.  31,  1895.— E.  J.  Pennington. 

Figs.  6  and  7  show  the  means  proposed  for  actuating  the 
vertical  and  horizontal  rudders  employed  to  steer  an  aerial 
vessel.  A,  Fig.  6,  is  the  shaft  of  the  vertical  rudder,  and  B, 
Fig.  7,  is  the  beaded  end  of  the  horizontal  rudder.  Each 
rudder  is  deflected  by  means  of  a  toothed  segment  and  worm, 

the  latter  being  actuated  by 
an  electromotor  C  energised 
by  current  from  storage  bat- 
teries. The  motor  for  the 
vertical  rudder  is  controlled 
by  a  compass  needle  which, 
by  means  of  electric  contacts, 
causes  the  motor  to  rotate  in 
one  or  other  direction  so  as 
to  keep  the  vessel  on  a  steady 
course.  The  motor  of  the 
vertical  rudder  is  similarly 
controlled  by  means  of  the 
index  finger  of  a  barometer 
so  as  to  maintain  the  vessel 
at  a  pre-determined  altitude. 

3608  of  Feb.  10,  1897.- 
F.  W.  Lanchester. 

Figs.  8  and  9  show  in  eleva- 
tion and  plan  respectively  a 
flying  machine  described  in 
the  specification  of  this 
patent.  A  is  the  main  sup- 
porting surface  which  may 
either  be  shaped  at  the  tips 
as  shown  at  B,  or  may  have 
a  "  capping  plane"  C.  Verti- 
cal fins  D,  D,  E,  E,  are  pro- 
vided for  stabilisation  pur- 
poses ;  and  the  fins  E,  E  may 
be  used  as  rudders  for 
steering  the  machine  in  a 


Figs.  6  and  7. — Pennington' s  Automatic 
Eudder  Control. 


REVIEW   OF   BEITISH   PATENTS 


21 


horizontal  plane.     F,  F  are  the  screw  propellers  which  act  also  as 
flywheels,  and  are  formed,  each  as  shown  in  Fig.  10,  with  a  rim 


Figs.  8  and  9. — Lanchester's  Flying  Machine. 


22 


AEKOPLANE   PATENTS 


G  stayed  to  a  boss  H,  and  with  the  blades  J,  J  formed  of  fabric 
or  wood.  In  Fig.  11  are  given  sections  of  the  main  supporting 
surface  by  planes  at  varying  distances  from  the  centre  line  of  the 
machine ;  and  it  will  be  seen  that  the  camber  decreases  towards 

the  wing  tips.  The  tail 
plane  K,  Fig.  8,  may  be 
swivelled  by  the  cords  L 
for  vertical  steering. 

The  inventor  further 
states  (and  this  is  impor- 
tant as  bearing  on  the 
Wright  wing-warping 
patent,  see  p.  27  )  that 
alteration  in  the 


an 


Fig.  10.— Lanchester's  Propeller. 


angle  of  the  two  wings 
relatively  to  one  another 
or  parts  of  them  will  by 
giving  a  list  sideways  to 
the  machine  affect  an 
alteration  in  its  course." 


No  means  are,  however,  described  for  performing  this  action. 

10620  of  April  28,  1897.— H.  S.  Maxim. 

The  machine  described  in  the  specification  of  this  patent  is  of 
a  type  which  has  not  come  into  use,  and  therefore  need  not  be 

illustrated.  No  patent  of  Sir 
Hiram  Maxim's  is,  however, 
without  interest. 

In  the  present  case  the  in- 
ventor describes  a  pendulum 
stability  device  according  to 
which  the  tilting  of  the  machine 
controls  the  power  of  the  engines 
which  drive  the  screw  propel- 
lers so  that  the  machine  is  auto- 
matically righted.  Lifting  and 


Pig.  11. — Lanchester's  Section 
of  Wing. 


driving  screws  are  described  in  which  the  forward  edge  of  each 
blade  is  rigid  while  the  rear  edge  is  flexible,  and  controlled  by 
a  spring  which  can  yield  if  the  propeller  is  subjected  to  undue 
stress.  It  is  stated  that  the  tension  of  the  springs  controlling 
the  flexible  edges  of  the  blades  may  be  increased  or  diminished 


REVIEW  OF  BRITISH  PATENTS 


23 


at  the  will  of  the  aviator,  "  so  that  if,  for  instance,  one  side  of 
the  machine  have  a  tendency  to  lift  before  the  other,  it  will  then  be 
possible  to  increase  the  tension  of  the  springs  on  one  side  and  so 
bring  the  machine  to  an  even  keel."  The  adjustment  of  the 
angle  of  incidence  of  the  blades — which  constitute  supporting 
planes — for  purposes  of  stability  is  important  on  account  of 
its  bearing  on  the  Wright  wing-warping  patent  (p.  27),  although 
the  machine  described  in  this  specification  of  Sir  Hiram's  is 
very  different  from  the  Wright  machine. 

13372  of  May  31,  1897.-0.  Chanute. 

The  machine  described  in  the  specification  of  this  patent  is  a 
glider,  and  has  no  motive  power.     The  patent  is  nevertheless  of 


Fig.  12.— Chanute'e  Glider.    Side  Elevation. 

great  interest  on  account  of  its  early  date.  The  glider  is  shown 
in  side  elevation  in  Fig.  12,  and  in  front  elevation  in  Fig.  13.  It 
has  two  wings — each  built  up  of  four  superposed  cambered 
planes — an  auxiliary  supporting  surface  N,  and  a  tail.  The 
superposed  planes  forming  each  wing  are  rigidly  connected 
together  by  rods  H,  but  each  wing  can  swivel  about  the  vertical 
shaft  K  which  supports  it  in  such  a  manner  that  the  angle  of 
incidence  of  all  its  planes  is  increased  or  diminished.  The 
aviator  sits  on  the  seat  S  with  his  feet  on  pedals  on  the  ends  of 
the  levers  T.  Cords  attached  to  these  levers  are  connected  to 
the  wings,  so  that  the  aviator  can  at  will  swivel  either  or  both 


24 


AEEOPLANE   PATENTS 


wings  and  alter  the  'angle  of  incidence,  and  thus  steer  the 
machine  in  a  vertical  or  horizontal  direction. 

The  vertical  tail  surface  B,  may  be  hand-actuated  and  used  as 
a  horizontal  rudder ;  but  the  inventor  states  that  in  practice  it  is 
found  more  useful  as  a  tail,  as  the  steering  can  be  more  easily 
accomplished  by  pedal  action  on  one  or  the  other  wing. 

The  provision  of  means  whereby  the  angle  of  incidence  of  the 
one  wing  can  be  altered  relatively  to  the  other  is  important  on 


Fig.  13.— Chanute's  Glider.    Plan. 

account   of  its  bearing    on   the    Wright    wing-warping    patent 
(P.  27). 

15221  of  June  25,  1897.— T.  Moy  (0.  Chanute  and 
A,  M.  Herring). 

The  flying  machine  described  in  the  specification  of  this 
patent  is  shown  in  perspective  in  Fig.  14.  There  are  two  or 
more  supporting  surfaces  (three  in  the  machine  illustrated),  and 
two  screw-propellers.  One  of  the  propellers  A  is  at  the  front  of 
the  machine,  and  is  seen  in  full  in  the  figure  ;  the  other  B  is  at 
the  rear,  and  is  only  partly  visible.  The  propellers  are  driven  by 
independent  engines  C,  C,  and  rotate  in  opposite  directions. 

A  tail  provided  with  vertical  and  horizontal  surfaces  D,  E,  and 
with  a  runner  F,  is  connected  to  the  body  of  the  machine  by 
means  of  a  rod  H  and  universal  joint  K,  and  can  be  deflected  in 
both  a  vertical  and  a  horizontal  plane  by  wind  pressure  or  at  the 


EEVIEW  OF   BRITISH  PATENTS 


25 


Fig.  14. — Chanute  and  Herring's  Flying  Machine. 

will  of  the  aviator.     Figs.  15,  16  and  17  are  sections  of  proposed 
forms  of  planes,  and  Fig.  18  a  cross-section  of  the  framework  struts. 

27212  of  Dec.  11, 1903.— L.  Brennan. 
25395  of  Dec.  6, 1905,  and  15796  of  July  9, 1907. 
— F.  R,  Simms. 

In  the  specifications  of  these  patents  are  described  devices  for 
maintaining  the  stability  of  flying  machines  by  means  of 
gyroscopes.  Brennan's  device  is  not  described  with  special 
reference  to  flying  machines,  but,  as  there  is  no  apparent  reason 
why  it  could  not  be  applied  to  such  machines,  and  as  the  device 


26 


AEROPLANE   PATENTS 


is  that  of  a  man  who  has  carefully  considered  the  problem  of 
gyroscopic  stabilisation,  it  is  of  considerable  importance  to 
aviators.  Brennan  proposes  to  employ  two  equal  gyroscopes 
mounted  on  parallel  axes  and  geared  so  as  to  rotate  with  equal 
and  opposite  angular  velocities.  The  employment  of  twin 
oppositely-rotating  gyroscopes  allows  of  the  machine  being  turned, 

say,  in  a  horizontal  plane 
while  automatically  correct- 
ing any  tendency  to  tilt  in  a 
vertical  plane  at  right  angles 
to  the  line  of  motion.  Means 
are  provided  whereby  the 
precession  of  the  gyroscopes 
caused  by  the  tilting  of  the 
machine  can  be  accelerated 
by  hand,  or  is  automatically 
accelerated  by  a  pendulum, 
so  as  to  restore  the  balance 
of  the  machine. 

Simms'  devices  are  de- 
scribed with  special  reference 
to  airships  and  involve  the 
employment  of  a  gyroscope 
consisting  of  one,  or  of  two,  discs  mounted  on  vertical  axes.  In 
the  earlier  specification  it  is  proposed  to  change  by  hand  the 
plane  of  rotation  of  the  gyroscope ;  and  in  the  later  speci- 
fication the  inventor  proposes  to  automatically  increase  the 
speed  of  rotation  of  the  gyroscope  should  any  tilting  of  the 
machine  take  place,  acceleration  in  speed 
being  brought  about  by  means  of  a  pen- 
dulum acting  on  the  throttle  valve  of  the 
engine  which  drives  the  gyroscope. 

4901  of  Feb.  27,  1904.— 

Fig.  18.-Chanute    and  ft    Adams. 

Herring's  Section   of 

Strut.  The  propeller  shaft  is  driven  through  a 

Hooke's  coupling  and  bevel  pinions.     The 

propeller  is  turned  in  the  required  direction  for  rising,  falling  or 
steering,  by  means  of  ropes  or  otherwise.  The  propeller  blades 
are  of  sheet  metal  stiffened  and  stayed.  The  propeller  thrust  is 
taken  by  a  ball  bearing. 


Figs.  15,  16  and  17. — Chamite  and 
Herring's  Sections  of  Planes. 


EEVIEW  OF  BEITISH   PATENTS  27 

6732  of  March  19, 1904.— 0.  and  W.  Wright. 

This  is  the  famous  wing-warping  patent.  The  application  for 
patent  was  filed  in  Great  Britain,  on  March  19,  1904,  but  the 
date  claimed  for  the  British  patent,  under  the  terms  of  the 
International  Convention,  is  that  of  the  date  of  filing  of  the 
application  for  the  corresponding  patent  in  the  United  States  of 
America.  This  date  is  March  23,  1903,  although— and  it  is 
interesting  to  note  this  fact — the  patent  was  not  granted  in 
America  till  May  22,  1906. 

Keferring  to  the  British  patent  the  objects  of  the  invention  are 
said  to  be  "  first,  to  provide  a  structure  combining  lightness, 
strength,  convenience  of  construction,  and  the  least  possible  edge 
resistance  ;  second,  to  provide  means  for  maintaining  or  restoring 
the  equilibrium  of  the  apparatus ;  and  third,  to  provide  efficient 
means  of  guiding  the  machine  in  both  vertical  and  horizontal 
directions."  Three  figures  are  given  which  are  here  reproduced, 
Fig.  19  is  a  perspective  view  of  the  machine,  Fig.  20  is  a  side 
elevation,  and  Fig.  21  is  a  plan. 

The  supporting  planes  A,  B  are  so  constructed  and  connected 
together  by  the  standards  C  that  they  can  yield  to  a  twisting 
action,  both  planes  working  together.  Keferring  to  Fig.  19  in 
which  the  machine  is  viewed  from  the  front,  and  referring  par- 
ticularly to  the  ends  of  the  planes  seen  to  the  left  in  this  figure, 
it  will  be  obvious  that,  if  a  tension  is  put  on  the  rope  D  while  at 
the  same  time  the  rope  E  is  slackened,  the  forward  corner  of 
the  lower  plane,  and  the  aft  corner  of  the  upper  plane,  will  be 
drawn  together.  The  angles  of  incidence  of  both  planes  will 
therefore  be  increased  at  this  end.  The  twisting  or  warping 
action  is  performed  by  means  of  a  movement  to  the  right  or  left 
given  to  the  cradle  H  to  which  are  attached  the  wing-warping 
ropes  ;  and  these  ropes  are  so  arranged  that,  when  the  planes 
have  their  angles  increased  at  one  end,  the  angles  at  the  other 
end  are  reduced.  Each  plane  is  twisted  into  the  form  of  a  two- 
bladed  propeller.  Moreover,  the  rudder  K  is  so  connected  with 
the  wing-warping  ropes  that  it  is  always  deflected  to  the  side  at 
which  the  angle  of  incidence  is  least. 

When  the  machine  in  flight  tilts  so  as  to,  say,  rise  at  the  right 
and  fall  at  the  left,  the  aviator  moves  the  cradle  so  as  to  reduce 
the  angle  of  incidence  at  the  right  and  increase  this  angle  at  the 
left.  This  action  will  tend  to  right  the  machine,  but,  as  the 
resistance  to  motion  will  be  greatest  where  the  angle  of  incidence 


28 


AEEOPLANE   PATENTS 


is  greatest,  the  machine  will  tend  to  rotate  about  a  vertical  axis. 
Such  a  rotation  is,  however,  prevented  by  the  rudder  which,  by  the 
same  movement  of  the  cradle,  is  deflected  to  the  right  and  keeps 
the  machine  square  to  the  line  of  motion. 

Pig.  19. 


Fig.  20. 


K 


Figs.  19,  20  and  21.— Wright  Flying  Machine,  with  Wing- Warping  and 

Eudder  Action. 


KEVIEW  OF   BKITISH  PATENTS  29 

The  inventors  state  that,  although  at  the  date  of  applying  for 
the  patent,  they  prefer  to  use  ropes  for  twisting  the  planes,  they 
do  not  restrict  themselves  to  any  particular  method  of  imparting 
this  twist  to  a  structure  formed  in  the  manner  specified  in  their 
specification.  They  state,  moreover  :  "  We  do  not  confine  our- 
selves to  the  particular  construction  and  attachment  of  the  rear 
rudder  hereinbefore  described,  nor  to  this  particular  construction 
of  surfaces  or  wings,  but  may  employ  this  combination  in  the  use 
of  any  movable  vertical  rear  rudder  operated  in  conjunction  with 
any  wings  capable  of  being  presented  to  the  wind  at  respectively 
differing  angles  at  their  opposite  tips  for  the  purpose  of  restoring 
the  lateral  balance  of  a  flying  machine  and  guiding  the  machine 
to  right  or  left." 

Fourteen  claims  are  made  of  which  the  most  important,  in  the 
author's  opinion,  are  the  3rd,  6th  and  7th  which  are  as  follows  : — 

3.  In  a  flying  machine,  the  combination  of  one  or  more  supporting 
surfaces  or  wings  with  a  device  for  imparting  a  twist  to  the  said  surfaces 
or  wings  for  the  purpose  stated. 

6.  In  a  flying  machine,  the  combination  of  wings  having  their  right  and 
left  tips  capable  of  being  adjusted  so   as  to  be  presented  to  the  wind  at 
respectively  differing  angles,  with  a  vertical  adjustable  rear  rudder  operating 
in  conjunction  therewith  in  the  manner  and  for  the  purpose  specified. 

7.  In  a  flying  machine  having  wings  capable  of  being  twisted  by  actuat- 
ing ropes,  the  combination  therewith  of  a  movable  vertical  rear  rudder 
having    tiller    cords   attached  to    said   actuating    ropes,    substantially  as 
described. 

The  corresponding  U.S.  patent  contains  eighteen  claims  aggre- 
gating about  1800  words — 
not  an  unusually  great  ver- 
bage  for  an  American  patent. 
The  drawings  are  somewhat 
clearer  than  the  British,  and 
contain  two  additional  figures 
which  illustrate  the  pivotal 

connection  of  the  planes  with 

,,  ,      ,       ,  .  ,  Fig.  22.— Hansen-Ellehammer  s 

the  standards  which  connect  Stabilisation  Device, 

them  together. 

7377  of  March  27, 1906.— J.  C.  Hansen-Ellehammer. 

Keferring  to  Fig.  22,  A  is  the  supporting  surface  of  a  flying 
machine  to  which  is  pivoted  at  B  a  rod  C  supporting  a  pendulum 
weight  D.  The  rod  C  is  connected,  by  means  of  a  link  E,  with 


30 


AEROPLANE   PATENTS 


R 


Fig.  23.— Harper's  Engine,  with  Eotating  Cylinders. 

the  lever  G,  which  operates  the  horizontal  rudder  H,  which  is 
pivoted  at  J,  to  the  bracket  K.     The  length  of  the  link  E,  or  its 

point  of  connection  to  the  rod  C,  may 

be  adjusted. 

16626  of  July  23,  1906.— 
W.  Harper. 

The  internal  combustion  engine  cylin- 
ders A1,  A2,  A3,  A4,  Fig.  23,  are  rigidly 
connected  to  the  crank  case  and  (by 
struts  S)  to  a  ring  R,  the  whole  struc- 
ture being  adapted  to  rotate  and  to  act 
as  a  flywheel.  Moreover,  the  blades 
V,  V,  stretching  from  the  ring  E  to  the 
crank  case,  act  as  propeller  blades,  the 

Fig.  24.— Valve  Gear  of       necessity  of  providing  a  separate  pro- 
Harper's  Engine.  peller  being  thus  obviated.     The  pistons 


REVIEW  OF   BRITISH   PATENTS 


31 


of  the  engines  A1  and  A4  drive  on  to  one  crank  pin,  and  those  of 
the  engines  A2  and  A3  on  to  another  crank  pin,  at  180  degrees 
from  the  first.  Fig.  24  shows  the  exhaust  valve  mechanism.  J 
is  a  stationary  pinion  which  gears  with  four  planet  pinions  which 
carry  cams  H1,  H2,  H3,  H*,  which  respectively  actuate  the 
exhaust  valves  of  the  four  cylinders. 

Lubricating  oil  is  contained  in  a  chamber  formed  in  one  with 
the  crank  case  and  is  fed  to  the  cylinder  by  centrifugal  force. 

26099  of  Nov.  19, 1906.-A.  V.  Roe. 

The  inventor  proposes  to  steer  a  flying  machine  in  a  horizontal 
plane  without  the  employment  of  a  vertical   rudder  by  the  deflec- 


Fig.  25. — Roe's  Steering  Device. 

tion  of  an  auxiliary  plane  situated  in  front  of  the  main  supporting 
surfaces.     Fig.  25  is  a  plan  of  the  machine.     G  is  the  upper 


32  AEROPLANE   PATENTS 

main  plane,  and  there  is  a  lower  main  plane  parallel  to  it.  H  is 
the  auxiliary  plane,  and  M  is  the  screw  propeller  at  the  rear  of  the 
machine.  N  is  the  aviator's  seat,  and  D  the  wheel  by  which  he 
steers  the  machine,  by  acting  on  the  plane  II  by  means  of  the 
cords  A,  B. 

Fig.  26  shows  the  plane  H  in  side  elevation  with  the  means  for 
supporting  and  deflecting  it.  It  is  pivoted  at  C,  C  to  the  frame 
bars  J  (see  both  figures),  which  also  carry  brackets  F,  F  in 
which  the  aft  end  of  the  plane  is  guided.  The  steering  wheel 
spindle  is  pivoted  at  E,  so  that,  if  the  wheel  is  pressed  bodily 
down,  the  ropes  B  are  tensioned  while  the  ropes  A  are  slackened, 
and  the  aft  end  of  the  plane  H  is  raised,  thus  causing  the  path  of 
the  machine  to  deflect  downwards.  Raising  the  steering  wheel 
produces  an  opposite  effect,  while  turning  the  wheel  in  one  or  the 


Fig. '26. — Eoe's  Steering  Device. 

other  direction  twists  the  plane,  depressing  the  aft  end  at  the  one 
side  and  raising  the  aft  end  at  the  other,  and  so  deflecting  the 
path  of  the  machine  in  a  horizontal  plane.  The  movements  given 
to  the  steering  wheel  are  in  the  same  direction  as  the  movements 
desired  to  be  given  to  the  machine,  thus  reducing  to  a  minimum 
the  chance  of  the  aviator  giving  the  wrong  movement. 

29308  of  Dec.  22,  1906.— W.  E.  Murray. 

It  is  proposed  to  drive  an  aerial  machine  by  means  of  propellers, 
which,  as  shown  in  Fig.  27,  are  driven  by  the  engine  through 
the  agency  of  bevel  pinions  and  the  shafts  P,  P1.  The  latter  rotate 
within  tubes  Q.  Q1,  which  carry  at  their  ends  bracket  bearings 
V,  V1  for  the  propeller  shafts.  These  tubes  Q,  Q1  can  be  rotated 
by  means  of  worms  which  are  actuated  by  the  hand  wheel  Z,  and 
which  engage  with  the  worm  wheels  W,W*  attached  to  the  tubes 
QjQ1,  so  that  the  planes  of  rotation  of  the  propellers  can  be  altered 
at  will. 


REVIEW  OF  BRITISH  PATENTS 


33 


1960  of  Jan.  25, 1907.— G.  L.  0.  Davidson. 

In  the  specification  of  this  patent  is  described  mechanism  for 
automatically  affecting  stabilisation  by  means  of  a  moving  weight. 
A.P.  D 


34 


AEKOPLANE   PATENTS 


The  tail  of  the  machine  is  actuated  by  engines  controlled  by  the 
moving  weight,  but  the  disposition  of  the  latter  and  its  mode  of 
acting  on  the  engines  are  not  described.  The  only  item  of 


Fig.  28.— Davidson's  Fish-Tail. 

interest  in  the  specification,  in  the  author's  opinion,  is  the  pro- 
posal to  make  the  tail  somewhat  like  that  of  a  fish  or  as  shown 
diagrammatically  in  Fig.  28,  the  arrow  indicating  the  direction  of 


Fig.  29. — Davidson's  Mechanism  for  Actuating  Tail. 

motion  of  the  machine.  The  fins  or  wings  A,  A  are  movable 
about  the  lines  B,  B  as  axes,  and  one  can  be  tilted  up,  while  the 
other  is  tilted  down,  for  stabilisation  purposes.  The  mechanism 
proposed  for  effecting  this  tilting  action  is  shown  in  Fig.  29. 


REVIEW  OF   BRITISH  PATENTS 


35 


9413  and  9413A  of  April  23, 1907.-F.  W.  Lanchester. 

Fig.  30  shows  the  flying  machine  in  side  elevation,  partly  in 
section.     The  supporting  surface  A  is  a  structural  part  of  the 


Fig.  30. — Lanchester's  Flying  Machine. 

frame  of  the  machine  which  in  the  main  consists  of  a  triangular 
lattice  girder  of  which  a  detail  is  shown  in  Fig.  81.     B  is  the 


Fig.  31.— Lanchester's  Aeroplane  Girder. 


D2 


36 


AEEOPLANE   PATENTS 


engine,  and  P1,  P2  the  propellers.  The  propellers  are  of  opposite 
hand,  and,  as  shown  in  Fig.  32,  are  fixed  respectively  on  shafts  P3 
and  P4  which  are  keyed  to,  or  form  part  of,  the  planet  elements  M1 


i 


.SP 


KEVIEW  OF   BKITISH  PATENTS  37 

and  M2  of  the  two  trains  of  epicyclic  gear  contained  within  the 
casing  L1,  L2,  which  is  bolted  on  to  the  extremity  of  the  crank 
chamber  O.  One  of  the  "  sun  "  elements  M3  is  coupled  direct  to 
the  motor  shaft,  and  the  other  "sun"  M4  is  mounted  revolvubly 
in  bearings  M5  and  M6,  and  carries  a  brake  drum  M7  acted  on  by  a 
brake,  shown  as  a  band  brake  M8.  The  ring  element  of  the  two 
trains  of  gear  M9  is  common  to  both  and  is  mounted  in  bearings 
in  the  casing  M10,  M11,  and  is  quite  unrestrained  as  regards 
rotation  except  by  its  engagement  with  the  planet  pinions  of  the 
two  trains. 

When  the  "  sun  "  element  M4  is  free  to  rotate,  there  is  no 
driving  effort  exerted  on  either  propeller,  and  the  planet  elements 
can  both  stand  still  while  both  "  suns  "  rotate  in  one  direction, 
and  the  common  ring  element  rotates  in  the  opposite  direction. 

When  the  "  sun  "  M4  is  brought  to  rest  by  means  of  the  brake 
M7,  M8,  the  planet  elements  are  constrained  to  revolve ;  but  the 
relative  rate  of  rotation  depends  on  the  relative  retarding 
torque. 

17366  of  July  29, 1907.— J.  A.  Colquhoun. 

According  to  this  invention,  when  the  machine  becomes  tilted, 
a  pendulum,  owing  to  its  inertia,  makes  contact  with  one  or  two  of 
four  insulated  plates  which  are  electrically  connected  respectively 
to  the  driving  mechanisms  of  four  propellers,e  so  that  the  tilting 
of  the  machine  causes  less  power  to  be  transmitted  to  one  or  two 
of  the  propellers.  The  propellers  rotate  about  verbal  axes  and 
are  so  disposed  that  the  reduction  in  speed  of  rotation  of  any  one 
propeller,  or  any  two  adjacent  propellers,  will  tend  to  right  the 
machine. 

26000  of  Nov.  23, 1907.— F.  Hennebique. 

The  boss  B  of  the  tractor  screw  A,  Fig.  33,  is  connected  to  the 
driving  shaft  E  by  means  of  a  universal  joint  which  maybe  of  the 
type  which  is  drawn  to  a  larger  scale  in  Fig.  34.  The  balls  C,  C, 
which  transfer  the  torque  from  the  shaft  to  the  boss,  are  located 
in  spheroidal  recesses  cut  half  in  the  spherical  end  of  the  shaft 
arid  half  in  the  enclosing  surface  of  the  boss.  The  weight  D, 
suspended  from  the  boss,  serves  to  maintain  the  propeller  in  a 
vertical  plane  in  spite  of  fore-and-aft  tilting  of  the  flying 
machine. 


38 


AEEOPLANE   PATENTS 


27408  of  Dec.  11, 1907.— J.  Straka. 

The  drawing  here  given,  Fig.  35,  is  not  a  reproduction  of  that 
shown  in  the  patent  specification,  but  is  a  diagrammatic  represen- 
tation of  the  proposed  propeller  drive.  The  propellers  are 

arranged  at  the  rear  of  the  airship. 
The  shaft  A  has  a  bearing  in  the 
bracket  B,  which  is  rigid  with  the 
frame  of  the  machine.  This  shaft 
carries  a  bevel  pinion  C,  which  gears 
with  the  pinion  D,  which  rides  loose 


Fig.  33. — Hennebique's 
Stabilisation  Device. 


Fig.  34. — Hennebique's 
Propeller  Drive. 


Fig.  35.--Straka's  Tandem  Propeller 
Drive. 


REVIEW  OF  BRITISH  PATENTS  39 

on  the  spindle  E,  and  gears  with  the  pinion  H,  which  is  keyed 
on  the  propeller  shaft. 

The  latter  carries  both  propellers  M,  N,  which  rotate  in  the 
same  direction,  the  aft  propeller  N  having  the  greater  pitch.  The 
propeller  shaft  has  a  bearing  in  the  bracket  K,  which  can  pivot 
about  the  spindle  E,  so  that  the  angle  of  the  propeller  shaft  can 
be  altered  in  a  horizontal  plane  to  steer  the  machine. 

28034  of  Dec.  19, 1907.     (Dec.  19,  1906.)— R.  Esnault- 

Pelterie. 

In  this  specification  is  described  the  combined  steering  and 
equilibrium  mechanism  illustrated  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  36. 


f 


Fig.  36. — Esnault-Pelterie's  Steering  and  Equilibrium  Mechanism. 

There  are  two  pairs  of  supporting  planes  of  which  the  forward 
pair  is  represented  by  c,  c,  and  the  aft  pair  by  /,/.  22  is  the 
stability,  and  23  the  steering,  handle.  When  22  is  raised,  the 
planes  c,  c  are  tilted  up  (i.e.,  up  at  the  forward  edge  so  as  to 
increase  the  angle  of  incidence)  through  the  agency  of  the  levers 
10,  the  link  11,  shaft  12,  lever  13,  and  axle  d ;  and  at  the  same 
time  the  planes  /,  f  are  tilted  down  through  the  agency  of  the 
shaft  20,  bell-crank  lever  19,  15,  rod  16,  links  17,  17,  levers 
18,  18,  and  axles  e>  e.  The  result  is,  therefore,  to  raise  the  machine 


40 


AEROPLANE   PATENTS 


at  the  head  and  lower  it  at  the  tail.  An  opposite  movement 
given  to  the  handle  22  produces  an  opposite  effect,  while  a  move- 
ment to  the  right  or  left  has  no  effect  on  the  forward  planes,  but, 
as  regards  the  rear  planes,  by  acting  on  the  rod  20  and  thus 
rotating  the  lever  19,  15,  about  the  axis  of  15,  it  gives  opposite 
tilts  to  the  two  rear  planes  and  therefore  tends  to  rotate  the 
machine  about  an  axis  parallel  to  the  direction  of  travel. 

An  upward  movement  given  to  the  handle  23  tilts  both  pairs  of 


^--r-.V 

t  --H-J I ~ "*  - 


— YVfn'-x---r 

rH-t-lf----4-- 

Ta||Hptf: 

r_ t—  —  —  —  -4 — ^-  -f  • — i—  t», -^— —  J-  — 

(    >  IE  \  A 


-c' 


Fig.  37.  —  Esnault-Pelterie's  Flying  Machine. 


planes  downwards,  and  a  downward  movement  tilts  both  planes 
upwards,  while  a  right  or  left  hand  movement  given  to  this 
handle  has  no  effect  on  the  planes  (owing  to  the  end  of  the 
lever  26  working  in  a  slot  in  the  shaft  20),  but  actuates  the 
rudder  (not  shown)  by  means  of  the  cord  27.  The  handle  23 
can  therefore  be  used  for  steering  the  machine  both  vertically  and 
horizontally. 

The  device  is  ingenious,  but  has  the  defect  that,  whereas  the 
handle  22  is  raised  to  raise  the  head  of  the  machine,  the  handle  23 
has  to  be  lowered  to  raise  the  machine  —  an  arrangement  apt  to 
prove  confusing. 


REVIEW  OF   BRITISH   PATENTS 


41 


221  of  Jan.  3,  1908.  (Jan.  19, 1907.)— R.  Esnault- 
Pelterie. 

In  this  specification  is  described  and  claimed  another  steering 
and  equilibrium  arrangement.  In  Fig.  37,  which  is  a  plan  of 
the  flying  machine,  the  main  wings  A,  A'  are  rigidly  connected 
to  the  frame  of  the  machine,  and  are  adapted  to  be  warped  for 
transverse  stabilisation.  The  warping  action  is  accomplished  by 
means  of  the  stays  F,  F',  G,  G',  which  extend  downwards  from 
the  front  and  rear  of  the  wing  tips  to  the  lower  part  of  the 
body  of  the  machine,  where  they  are  connected  to  the  end  of  a 


Figs.  38  and  39. — Esnault-Pelterie's  Steering  and  Equilibrium 
Mechanism. 

rod  D  (see  also  Fig.  38),  pivoted  at  E.  It  will  be  evident  that, 
by  swivelling  the  rod  D  in  a  horizontal  plane  about  the  point  E 
in  a  counter-clockwise  direction,  tension  will  be  put  on  the 
stays  F  and  G',  and  the  one  wing  tip  will  be  bent  down  at  the 
front  while  the  other  is  bent  down  at  the  rear. 

H,  H  are  blades  forming  a  horizontal  rudder  at  the  rear  of 
the  machine ;  and  similar  blades,  of  which  one,  J,  is  seen  in 
Fig.  37,  constitute  a  vertical  rudder.  The  blades  are  attached 
to  a  ring  as  shown  in  Fig.  39,  which  ring  is  rigidly  attached  to 
a  stud  K,  which  is  pivoted  at  its  free  end  to  a  support  by  a 
universal  joint. 

Fig.  38  shows  the  mechanism  by  which  the  wings  are  warped 
and  the  rudder  actuated.  When  the  aviator's  lever  L,  pivoted  at 
M,  is  moved  in  the  plane  which  contains  the  link  N,  this  link, 


42 


AEEOPLANE   PATENTS 


which  is  pivoted  at  O  (Figs.  38  and  39)  to  the  rudder  ring, 
deflects  the  horizontal  rudder.  A  movement  of  the  lever  L  in 
a  vertical  plane,  at  right  angles  to  the  link  N,  swivels  the  rod  D 
about  the  point  E,  and  so  warps  the  wings.  The  vertical  rudder 
is  operated  by  a  separate  lever  P,  which  actuates  the  link  Q, 
pivoted  to  the  rudder  ring  at  R.  This  arrangement  differs  from 
the  Wright  device  in  this  respect,  that  the  vertical  rudder  is  not 
actuated  by  the  same  movement  as  is  employed  to  warp  the 
wings. 

1258  of  Jan.  18,  1908.    (Jan.  22,  1907.)- 
R.  Esnault-Pelterie. 

In  this  specification  is  described  a  further  steering  and  stabilisa- 
tion arrangement.  Mechanism  is  described  and  illustrated  whereby 
Fig.  41. 


7 


......  .^v 


Fig.  40. 


Fig.  42. 


Figs.  40,  41  and  42.  —  Esnault-Pelterie's  Eudder. 

wing-warping  and  rudder  control  is  effected.  The  chief  difference 
between  the  arrangement  described  in  this  specification  and  that 
described  in  221,  1908,  is  that,  in  place  of  the  combined  vertical  and 
horizontal  rudder  described  in  the  latter,  a  single  horizontal  rudder 
with  a  single  surface  is  employed.  This  rudder  is  illustrated  dia- 
grammatically  in  Figs.  40,  41  and  42,  which  are  plan,  side  elevation 
and  end  elevation  respectively.  (The  diagrams  are  the  author's, 
not  the  patentee's.)  A  lever  corresponding  to  L,  in  Fig.  38,  is 
employed  as  before  to  warp  the  wings  by  one  motion  and  to  deflect 


EEVIEW  OF   BRITISH  PATENTS 


43 


the  rudder  by  another  motion  ;  but  in  the  present  case  the  rudder 
swings  about  the  axis  X  Y  into  a  position  such  as  that  shown  by 
dotted  lines  in  Figs.  40  and  41.  A  lever  corresponding  to  P  in 
Fig.  38  is  also  employed,  and  this  lever  tilts  the  rudder  into  a 
position  such  as  that  shown  by  chain  lines  in  Figs.  40  and  42. 
The  rudder  need  not  be  a  flat  surface,  but  may  be  cambered.  A 
tractor  screw  is  employed  for  propulsion. 


Fig.  43. — Heeren's  Stabilisation  Device. 


Fig.  44. — Bleriot's  Eudder  Mechanism. 

1683  of  Jan.  24,  1908.— 0.  Heeren. 

The    wings    b,  b,   Fig.  43,  are   hinged  at  c,  so  that,  moving 
together,  they  can    occupy  an   inclined   position    such   as   that 


44 


AEROPLANE   PATENTS 


indicated  by  dotted  lines.  The  auxiliary  supporting  surfaces  e,  e' 
occupy  the  gap  between  the  wings  and  are  independently  hinged 
at  a  ;  they  are  linked,  as  shown,  to  the  collar  g 
which  can  slide  on  the  rod  h,  which  supports 
the  car  or  weight  i.  When  the  wings  become 
tilted  to  the  position  shown  by  dotted  lines,  the 
surface  er  is  pressed  down  by  the  wing  bf  to  the 
position  shown,  and,  by  virtue  of  the  links  and 
collar,  it  carries  the  surface  e  into  a  similar 
position. 

The  inventor's  idea  is  that  by  this  means 
there  is  a  diminished  pressure  or  supporting 
power  on  the  left  side  of  the  machine,  which 
will  therefore  tend  to  right  itself,  and,  more- 
over,  that  the  inclination  of  the  surface  e  to 
the  other  supporting  surfaces  will  tend  to 
prevent  the  machine  sliding  down  to  the  right. 
It  is  not,  however,  clear  to  the  author  that  the 
device  will  act  as  effectively  as  the  inventor 
believes. 


)      ( 


g 


2588  of  Feb.  5,  1908.    (Feb.  9,  1907.)— 
L.  Bleriot. 

A  Cardan  controlling  system  C,  which  is 
illustrated  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  44,  is  em- 
ployed to  actuate  a  horizontal  rudder  A  and  a 
vertical  rudder  B.  A  practical  mechanism  for 
putting  the  device  into  practice  is  also  described 
and  illustrated,  but  the  claims  are  not  confined 
to  this  mechanism. 


5471  of  March  11,  1908.-G.  Kerwat. 

A  stabilisation  device  is  described  in  the 
specification  of  this  patent,  which  is  of  a  some- 
what similar  nature  to  that  described  in  17366, 
1907.  In  the  present  case,  however,  it  is  pro- 
posed that  mercury,  or  other  suitable  liquid 

adapted  to  flow  to  one  or  other  end  of  a  horizontal  tube,  shall 

take  the  place  of  the  pendulum. 


EEVIEW  OF  BEITISH  PATENTS 


45 


8643  of  April  18,  1908.    (May  4,  1907.)-R.  Esnault- 

Pelterie. 

A  construction  of  transverse  beam  for  the  wings  of  flying 
machines  is  described  and  claimed.  The  beam  is  built  up  of 
lengths  of  wood  A,  Fig.  45,  cut  away  as  shown 
for  lightness,  and  connected  to  each  other  by 
continuous  metal  plates  P.  Spaces  are  left 
between  the  ends  of  the  lengths  of  wood  for 
the  cross-pieces  B.  It  is  stated  that  at  places 
"  where  the  curvature  changes  "  lengths  C  of 
steel  or  aluminium,  as  shown  in  Figs.  45  and 
46,  may  be  substituted  for  the  wood. 


g  46.  —  Esnault- 
Pelterie's  Wing 
Beam. 


8842  of  April  23,  1908.—  L.  P.  Shadbolt. 

The  vertical  rudder  A,  Fig.  47,  of  a  flying  machine  consists  of 
canvas   or   other  flexible  material  stretched  between   an  upper 


Fig.  47.— Shadbolt' s  Eudder. 

arm  B  and  a  lower  arm  C,  which  are  stayed  by  cords  G,  H.     The 
lower  arm  can  be  swivelled  by  means  of  a  tiller  D  and  post  E 


46  AEROPLANE   PATENTS 

(or  by  means  of  ropes),  but  the  upper  arm  is  not  positively 
controlled,  but  is  pivoted  to  the  fixed  bracket  F,  through  which 
the  post  E  passes  freely.  Consequently,  when  the  tiller  is 
actuated,  the  lower  portion  of  the  rudder  is  deflected  more  than 
the  upper  portion,  and  the  rudder  assumes  a  helical  form.  The 
object  of  the  arrangement  is  to  prevent  the  momentary  drop  of 
the  aeroplane  at  the  instant  of  changing  its  course  in  a  horizontal 
plane. 

9069  of  Feb.  5, 1908.    (April  26, 1907.)-L.  Bleriot. 

The  two  rudders  or  half-tails  A  and  B  (Fig.  48)  are  pivoted 
about  the  same  horizontal  spindle  C,  which  is  situated  at  right 
angles  to  the  line  of  travel  of  an  aeroplane.  The  rudders,  when 


Fig.  48. — Bleriot's  Steering  Mechanism. 

in  their  central  or  normal  positions,  are  in  the  same  plane, 
and  either  rudder  can,  by  means  of  the  handle  D,  be  deflected 
either  up  or  down  or  be  maintained  stationary.  A  careful 
study  of  the  diagram  will  be  necessary  to  appreciate  the  move- 
ments, and  explanation  in  addition  to  this  will  be  superfluous. 

10528  of  May  14,  1908.    (May  22, 1907.)— R.  Esnault- 

Pelterie. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  provide  a  system  of  surfaces 
in  an  aeroplane  arranged  in  a  manner  to  allow  of  rapid  and 
automatic  deformation,  so  as  to  compensate  for  wind  influences 
tending  to  disturb  the  stability  or  course  of  the  machine.  The 
main  supporting  surface  A,  Fig.  49,  is  stayed  by  the  two  sets  of 
ropes,  of  which  the  set  B,  B1  extends  from  the  forward  edge  of  the 
plane  to  the  bottom  of  the  rod  C,  and  prevents  any  movement 


EEVIEW  OF  BKITISH  PATENTS 


47 


of  the  front  of  the  plane  relatively  to  the  body  of  the  machine. 
The  remaining  rope  D  extends  from  two  points  on  the  rear  edge 
of  the  plane  and  passes  over  a  pulley  E,  so  that  the  wings  can 
be  automatically  warped  by  inequalities  in  wind  pressure. 

The  tail  plane  T,  which  is  pivoted  about  the  horizontal 
axis  M  N,  can  rise  or  fall  automatically,  the  movement  being 
controlled  by  a  spring.  Moreover,  the  tail  can  be  automatically 


o 


Fig.  49. — Esnault-Pelterie's  Automatic  Wing-Warping  Arrangement. 

warped  by  a  side  wind,  one  rear  corner  rising  while  the  other 
is  depressed. 

11905  of  June  1,  1908.    (June  13,  1907.)— P.  Skousfes. 

Propulsion  is  proposed  to  be  effected  by  the  reaction 
caused  by  the  discharge  of  gases  obtained  by  the  explosion  of 
producer  gas  with  air.  The  gas  is  made  in  a  gas  producer  and  is 
thereafter  compressed.  The  air  is  also  compressed,  and  the 
explosion  takes  place  in  a  plurality  of  exploding  chambers.  It 
is  proposed  to  regulate  the  discharge  of  the  combustion  gases  so 
as  to  effect  steering  as  well  as  propulsion. 


48 


AEEOPLANE   PATENTS 


12013  of  June  3,  1908.— J.  L.  Garsed. 

The  disc  4,  Fig.  50,  pivotally  mounted  in  the  frame  of  a  flying 
machine,  is  connected  to  the  supporting  or  directing  surfaces  or 
rudders,  so  that  the  steering  or  stability  of  the  machine  can  be  con- 
trolled by  rotation  of  the  disc 
in  one  or  the  other  direction. 
The  connecting  rod  7  is  re- 
ciprocated by  any  motive 
power,  and  oscillates  the  lever 
6  which  is  pivoted  at  3  and 
carries  the  pawls  5,  5.  These 
pawls  are  normally  kept  out 
of  action  by  a  shield  8,  which 
is  mounted  on  a  lever  9, 
which  carries  a  pendulum 
weight  11.  On  the  machine 
becoming  tilted,  one  or  other 
of  the  pawls  comes  into  action 
so  as  to  perform  a  righting 
action.  Positive  control  can 
be  effected  by  the  handle  10, 
on  the  lever  9,  but  such 
positive  control  is  limited  by 
the  pin  13,  making  contact 
with  one  or  other  of  the  pro- 
jections 14,  14,  which  would 
force  the  operating  pawl  out 
of  action. 

15924  of  July  27, 1908.— 
T.  W.  K.  Clarke. 

Eeferring  to  Fig.  51,  a  is 
the  forward  supporting  and 
steering  surface,  and  b  is  the 
rearward  main  supporting  surface  of  a  flying  machine.  The 
surface  a  is  capable  of  being  swivelled  in  a  vertical  plane  about 
the  axis/"1,  by  means  of  the  steering  shaft/,  and  steering  wheel/2. 
The  surface  a  may  also,  if  desired,  be  arranged  to  be  swivelled 
in  a  horizontal  plane  about  the  axis  a1.  Moreover,  by  rotating 
the  wheel/2,  the  wheel  g  can  be  made  to  act  on  the  cords  gl,  so  as  to 
tilt  the  plane  a,  raising  one  wing  tip  and  depressing  the  other. 


Fig.  50. — Garsed' s  Stabilisation  Device. 


REVIEW  OF  BRITISH  PATENTS 


49 


The  forward  edge  of  the  rear  plane  abuts  against  the  stop  h. 
The  rearward  portion  of  this  plane  is  held  down  by  means  of  the 
bridle  h1,  which  extends  from  the  front  to  near  the  rear  edge  of 
the  plane  and  is  provided  with  a  resilient  tie  h*.  k,  not  described, 
is  presumably  a  skid,  one  being  provided  at  each  side  of  the 


Fig.  51.— Clarke's  Flying  Machine. 

plane  b.  The  arrangement  allows  either  wing  tip  to  yield  should 
it  strike  the  ground  on  the  descent  of  the  machine,  c  is  the 
frame  of  the  machine,  d  is  the  motor,  and  e  a  propeller. 

17150  of  Aug.  14,  1908.— J.  Weiss. 

In  an  aeroplane  according  to  this  invention  the  curvature  of 
longitudinal  section  of  the  supporting  plane  is  greatest  at  the 
centre  and  decreases  towards  the  sides.  Moreover,  the  rigidity 
of  the  plane  decreases  from  the  front  outwards  and  rearwards. 

19805  of  April  21,  1908— E.  H.  Hare. 

The  aeroplane  A,  Fig.  52,  is  provided  with  hinged  corners  B, 
which  can  be  operated  by  levers  so  as  to  steer  the  machine  or 


/c 
'  i\ 


Fig.  52.— Hare's  Aeroplane. 

control  its  altitude.     The  main  supporting  surface  is,  moreover, 
composed  of  slats  C,  the  distance  D  between  the  slats  being  equal 
A.  P. 


50 


AEKOPLANE   PATENTS 


to  the  width  of  a  slat.  A  suitable  width  for  a  slat  is  said  to  be 
6  inches.  The  machine  is  propelled  by  a  rear  propeller,  driven 
by  a  motor  mounted  on  a  framework  which  is  not  shown. 

20038  of  Sept.  23,  1908.— H.  S.  Maxim. 

In  a  flying  machine,  of  which  Fig.  53  is  a  vertical  section  and 
Fig.  54  a  partial  plan,  the  steering  handle  b  is  pivoted  at  m  so  that 


(Fig.  53.) 


D 


(Fig.  54.) 

nu 

'J 

31- 

if 

ff 

t 

Figs.  53  and  54. — Maxim's  Flying  Machine. 

it  can  be  moved  either  in  a  vertical  or  in  a  horizontal  plane.  When 
moved  vertically  it  actuates  the  forward  horizontal  rudder  H  by 
means  of  the  wires  h  and,  when  moved  horizontally,  it  operates 
the  rear  vertical  rudder  J  by  means  of  the  wires  j. 

A  shock-absorbing  device  comprises  wheels  a,  levers  a1  which 
are  preferably  flat  (for  spring),  and  rods  a2  which  can  be 
driven  into  compressed  air  cylinders  a3.  India-rubber  bulbs  are 
provided  which  cover  small  apertures  at  the  tops  of  the  cylinders, 
which  bulbs  will  burst  under  a  pressure  of  about  300  pounds  per 
square  inch  and  allow  the  air  to  escape,  thus  cushioning  the 
landing  of  the  machine. 


EEVIEW  OF   BKITISH   PATENTS 


51 


E  is  the  engine  and  D  the  propeller,  and  means  are  described 
whereby  the  pitch  of  the  propeller  blades  can  be  readily  adjusted. 


Fig.  55.— Tribelhorn's  Box  Kudder. 

The  engine  jacket  water  is  cooled  by  passing  it  through  tubes  dl 
provided  with  blades  d2  adapted  to  act  as  auxiliary  supporting 
surfaces. 

20785  of  Oct.  2, 1908.   (Oct.  4, 1907.)— L.  Bteriot. 

This  invention  relates  to  means  for  starting  aeroplanes  from  a 
standing  position  by  directing  a  cur- 
rent of  air  against  the  wings  or  planes 
by  means  of  the  propellers.  The 
inventor  hopes  by  this  means  to 
obviate  the  necessity  of  providing 
wheels  and  to  allow  of  the  alighting 
devices  being  simplified.  The  posi- 
tions in  which  the  propellers  require 
to  be  placed  do  not,  however,  appear 
to  be  very  desirable  ones. 

21092    of   Oct.    6,   1908.— 

A.  Tribelhorn. 

The  box  rudder  A,  Fig.  55,  can  be 
employed  for  both  vertical  and  hori- 
zontal    steering.      The     rudder     is 
mounted  on  the  horizontal  spindle  B,       Fig-  56.— Bleriot's  Steering 
which  can  be   rotated   by  the  cords 

C,  D.  The  spindle  B  is  mounted  in  a  crosshead  carried  by 
the  vertical  spindle  E,  which  can  be  rotated  by  the  cord  H,  which 
passes  over  the  pulley  K. 


A • 


52 


AEKOPLANE   PATENTS 


21497  of  Feb.  5,  1908.    (Oct.  15,  1907.)— L.  Bleriot. 


In    the    device 


j 


described  in  the  specification  of  Bleriot's 
previous  patent,  9069  of  1908,  the  four 
arms  attached  to  the  handle  D  are  said 
to  be  equally  spaced,  that  is,  to  be 
arranged  at  90°  to  each  other.  In  the 
present  patent  the  device  is  claimed  of 
allowing  the  four  arms  to  be  adjusted 
relatively  to  each  other  as,  for  example, 
by  constructing  them  in  pairs  of  oppo- 
site arms,  /,  h,  and  e,g  (Fig.  56),  and 
making  them  rotatable  about  the  pin  x. 
From  a  study  of  Fig.  48,  of  patent  9069 
of  1908,  it  will  be  seen  that,  the  relative 
^  g  leverage  being  thus  affected,  the  relative 
•|  sensitiveness  of  the  several  movements 
-  €an  be  controlled.  For  example,  when 
the  arms  are  placed  as  shown  in  full 
lines  in  Fig.  56,  a  given  angular  move- 
ment  about  the  (imaginary)  axis  A  B 
would  give  a  greater  movement  to  the 
steering  ropes  than  the  same  angular 
movement  about  the  axis  CD.  It 
would,  therefore,  be  possible  to  get,  for 
example,  greater  sensitiveness  as 
regards  similar,  than  as  regards  diver- 
gent,  movements  of  the  two  rudders, 
and  it  would  appear  from  the  description 
that  this  is  what  Bleriot  was  aiming  at. 
The  claim,  however,  refers  to  the 
object  of  the  device  as  being  "  to 
permit  the  modification  of  the  relative 
sensitiveness  of  the  two  rudders,"  an 
expression  which,  if  construed  literally, 
means  a  very  different  thing. 

The  arrangement  illustrated  in  Fig. 
57  is  also  claimed  in  this  patent.  By 
carefully  examining  the  mechanism 
and  connections  shown  in  this  figure  it 


KEVIEW  OF  BEITISH  PATENTS 


53 


will  be  seen  that,  by  raising  the  actuating  handle  D,  the  rear 
planes  A,  B,  as  well  as  the  forward  planes  C,  C,  will  be  tilted 


down  (i.e.,  down  at  the  front),  and  a  downward  movement  of  the 
handle  will  have  an  opposite  effect.     A  movement  of  the  handle 


54  AEKOPLANE   PATENTS 

to  the  right  or  left  will  have  no  effect  on  the  forward  planes  but 
will  tilt  one  rear  plane  down  and  the  other  up,  and  at  the  same 
time  actuate  the  vertical  rudder. 

22258  of  Oct.  20,  1908.— J,  M.  Wright. 

The  propeller  A,  Fig.  58,  is  driven  by  a  shaft  B  to  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  universal  joint.  A  similar  propeller  is  provided 
on  the  end  of  the  shaft  C,  and  the  two  shafts  are  driven  by  means 
of  toothed  wheels  D  by  the  motor  E.  A  handle  F,  connected  to 
a  four-armed  spider  G,  is  employed  to  deflect  the  propeller  in  any 
desired  direction  by  means  of  four  cords  H.  A  similar  arrange- 
ment is  provided  for  deflecting  the  other  propeller. 

23595  of  Nov.  4,  1908.— W.  Friese-Greene. 

This  invention  consists  in  providing  as  propelling  machinery 
a  main  motor  which  may  be,  for  example,  a  petrol  engine,  a 
dynamo  adapted  to  work  as  a  motor,  and  storage  batteries. 
During  normal  running  the  petrol  engine  drives  the  propellers, 
and  any  surplus  power  is  employed  in  generating  current  by 
means  of  the  dynamo,  which  current  is  stored  in  the  storage 
cells.  Should  the  petrol  engine  fail,  the  dynamo,  working  as 
a  motor,  obtains  current  from  the  storage  batteries  and  drives 
the  propellers.  In  the  drawings  the  dynamo  is  shown  as  direct 
coupled  to  the  engine,  and  the  propellers  are  driven  by  chains. 

24076  of  Nov.  10,  1908.  (Nov.  18,  1907.)— W.  and  0. 

Wright. 

This  invention  relates  to  modifications  of,  or  improvements 
in,  the  wing-warping  and  rudder  devices  described  in  the 
Wrights'  prior  patent,  namely,  6732  of  1904.  Keferringto  Fig.  59, 
the  cords  A  at  the  front  of  the  machine  are  fixed  at  their  ends,  so 
that  the  front  edges  of  the  two  planes  are  rigidly  braced  together 
and  are  incapable  of  any  movement  relatively  to  each  other.  The 
rear  edges  only  of  the  planes  are  moved,  and  this  is  accomplished 
by  means  of  cords  B,  C  and  D,  E  which  are  connected  respec- 
tively to  the  upper  and  lower  ends  of  the  two  outer  standards 
which  at  each  end  connect  together  the  rear  edges  of  the  planes. 
The  two  centre  standards  at  the  rear  of  the  machine  are  immov- 
ably braced  together  and  are  also  rigidly  braced  to  the  two  front 
standards,  so  that  the  whole  of  the  central  portion  of  the  machine 


REVIEW  OF   BRITISH  PATENTS 


55 


and  the  whole  of  the  front  face  of  the  machine  together  form  a 
rigid  structure.     In  addition  to  a  rear  vertical  rudder  M,  a  front 


•a 


60 


vertical  rudder  N  may  also  be  employed,  and   the  two  rudders 
may   be    connected   together  so    as  to  be    actuated  by  the  one 


56 


AEKOPLANE   PATENTS 


mechanism.  A  vertical  stationary  vane  J  is,  or  may  be,  also 
employed  to  assist  the  vertical  rudder  or  rudders.  H  is  a 
horizontal  front  rudder. 

Claims  are  made  for  the  means  of  warping  the  wings  applicable 
to  the  new  construction,  but,  in  the  author's  opinion,  the  most 
important  claims  in  the  specification  are  the  1st  and  2nd,  which 
are  as  follows  : — 

1.  In  a  flying  machine,  the  combination  with  a  single  or  multiple  aero- 
plane having  lateral  portions  capable  of  being  adjusted  while  in  flight  to 
different  angles  of  incidence  on  the  right  and  left  sides  of  the  machine,  of  a 
vertical  adjustable  front  rudder  and  a  vertical  adjustable  rear  rudder. 

2.  In  a  flying  machine,  the  combination  with  a  single  or  multiple  aero- 
plane having  lateral  portions  capable  of  being  adjusted  while  in  flight  to 
different  angles  of  incidence,  of  a  vertical  adjustable  rudder  and  a  fixed 
vertical  vane  co-operating  therewith  to  form  a  turning  couple. 

24077   of  Nov.  10,  1908.    (Nov.  18,  1907.)-W.  and  0. 

Wright. 

In  order  to  compensate  for  the  unequal  resistance  to  advance 
of  the  two  sides  of  a  flying  machine,  when  the  angle  of  incidence 
at  the  two  sides  is  different,  vertical  vanes  or  rudders  A,  A  are 
arranged  one  at  each  wing  tip  as  shown  in  Fig.  60,  which  is  a 


Fig.  60.— Wrights'  Vertical  Eudders. 

plan  of  a  bi-plane  machine  with  the  top  plane  removed.  The 
vanes  or  rudders  A  are  actuated  by  cords  B  which  pass  over 
pulleys  C  and  can  be  tensioned  by  means  of  a  lever  which 
actuates  the  drum  D.  A  corresponding  and  adjacent  lever 
arranged  to  actuate  a  co-axial  drum  E  is  employed  to  operate 
the  cords  which  control  the  warping  of  the  wings. 

The  specification  contains  the  following  noteworthy  para- 
graph :— 

The  lateral  rudders  may  likewise  be  replaced  by  surfaces  movable  about 
axes  normal  to  the  line  of  flight,  kept  normally  flattened  down  upon  the 
planes  of  support  and  raised  on  the  side  of  the  machine  which  is  presented 
at  the  smaller  angle  of  incidence  when  a  modification  is  made  in  the  angles 


REVIEW  OF  BRITISH  PATENTS 


57 


of  incidence  of  the  wings  ;  for  the  same  purpose  there  might  likewise  be 
employed  longitudinal  vertical  surfaces  arranged  for  example  along  the  small 
sides  of  the  aeroplanes,  drawn  at  pleasure  and  brought  forward  by  a  return 
square  on  the  extreme  vertical  rods  connecting  the  horizontal  superposed 
planes. 

28026  of  Dec.  23, 1908.  (Dec.  26, 
1907.)— R.  Esnault-Pelterie. 

The  invention  herein  described  and 
claimed  consists  in  a  hydro-pneumatic 
spring  buffer  intended  to  reduce  the 
shock  of  landing  of  an  aeroplane. 
The  plunger  1,  Fig.  61,  is  attached  to 
the  wheel  of  the  machine,  and  is 
adapted  to  work  within  the  cylinder  6 
which  contains  oil  19  up  to  the  level 
indicated.  The  cylinder  is  provided 
with  diaphragms  9  and  12.  The 
former  contains  a  single  opening  17 
which  can  be  very  nearly  closed  by  a 
disc  10  mounted  on  a  spindle  18  which 
is  guided  in  the  upper  diaphragm  and 
is  normally  pressed  down  by  a  spring 
until  the  stop  11  makes  contact  with 
the  boss  of  the  diaphragm  12.  A  key 

2  attached  to  the  plunger  1  works  in 
a    double    slot     8    formed    in    the 
cylinder.  The  shock  of  landing  gives 
the  plunger  1  a  relative  upward  move- 
ment which  compresses  the  spring  4 
which  is  situated  between  the  collars 

3  arid   5  carried  respectively  by  the 
key  and  by  the  cylinder.     The  oil  at 
first  escapes  rapidly  through  the  hole 
17  in  the  lower  diaphragm  and  the 


Fig.  6L— Esnault-Pelterie's 
*  Spring  Buffer. 


hole  13  in  the  upper  diaphragm,  but  the  disc  10  is  immediately 
forced  upwards  so  as  to  nearly  close  the  hole  17  and  thus  restrict 
the  area  of  outflow.  The  shock  of  landing  is  thus  cushioned, 
and  the  accumulated  energy  in  great  part  absorbed.  The  upper 
space  in  the  cylinder  16  is  filled  with  air  which  also  serves  as  a 
cushion.  This  air  cushion  is  of  use  when  the  machine  is  running 
on  its  wheels  before  taking  flight. 


58 


AEROPLANE   PATENTS 


463    of   Jan.    7,    1909.      (Jan.    15,    1908.)- 
L.  Bteriot. 

The  support  a,  Fig.  62,  for  the  wheel  of  a  flying  machine  is 

rigidly  connected  to  the  frame  b  of 
the  machine  so  that  it  can  be 
employed  for  other  purposes  than 
the  support  of  the  wheel.  The 
wheel  d  is  placed  to  the  rear  of  the 
rod  a  and  is  carried  by  rods /and  h 
which  are  pivotally  connected  to 
collars  g  and  i  carried  by  the  rod 
so  that  the  wheel  can  have  an 
angular  horizontal  movement  rela- 
tive to  the  frame  of  the  machine, 
and  will  act  like  a  castor  in  always 
tending  to  place  its  plane  in  the  line 
of  motion  of  the  vehicle.  Moreover, 
the  collar  i  can  slide  upwards  on 
the  rod  a,  being  held  down  only 
by  a  spring  j,  so  that  the  shock 
of  landing  is  reduced. 

750  of  Jan.  12,  1909.— 
A.  V.  Roe. 

A  flying  machine,  shown  in  side 


Fig.   62.— Bleriot's  Wheel 
Support. 


elevation  in  Fig.  63,  is  described  in  which  three  superimposed 


Fig.  63. — Eoe's  Flying  Machine. 

main  planes  A,   B,   C  (two,  or  more  than  three,  might  however 
be  employed)  are  connected  together  by  a  rigid  front  frame  and 


EEVIEW  OF  BKITISH  PATENTS 


59 


a  flexible  rear  plane.     The  system  of  bracing  which  is  employed 
is  interesting,  but  cannot  be  described  in  this  abridgment. 

The  steering  rod  D  carrying  the  steering  wheel  E  is  pivoted 
at  F  so  that,  when  the  wheel  is  raised  or  lowered,  the  rear  edges 
of  all  the  planes  are  raised  or  lowered  and,  when  the  wheel  is 
rotated  one  way  or  the  other,  the  planes  are  raised  at  one  side  and 
lowered  at  the  other,  while  the  vertical  rudder  H  is  at  the  same 
time  actuated  by  cords  K. 

2913  of  Feb.  6, 1909.    (Feb.  10,  1908.)-W.  and  0. 

Wright. 

This  invention  consists  principally  in  a  device  for  automatically 
maintaining  the  equilibrium  of  a  flying  machine.  The  horizontal 


Fig.  64. — Wrights'  Stabilisation  Device. 


60  AEKOPLANE   PATENTS 

vane  A,  Fig.  64,  is  supported  in  a  framework  which  can  be 
adjusted  so  that  the  vane  makes  such  an  angle  with  the  main 
supporting  surfaces  as  it  is  desired  that  this  surface  should  main- 
tain with  the  relative  wind.  If  the  relative  wind  at  any  time 
strikes  the  main  planes  at  an  angle  of  incidence  greater  than  the 
angle  between  these  planes  and  the  vane  A  it  will  strike  the  latter 
vane  on  the  underside  and  force  it  upwards.  The  vane  will  thus, 
by  means  of  the  link  B  and  lever  C,  actuate  a  valve  D  which  con- 
trols the  admission  of  compressed  air  to  a  cylinder  E.  This  cylinder 
actuates  the  drum  F  which  operates  the  horizontal  rudder  H. 
The  action  of  the  vane  A  is  therefore  to  right  the  machine. 

A  device  is  also  described  whereby,  if  the  machine  tilts  laterally, 
a  pendulum  actuates  a  valve  which  controls  the  admission  of 
compressed  air  to  an  engine  which  operates  cords  so  as  to  warp 
the  wings  and  deflect  a  vertical  rudder. 

The  devices  are  described  in  great  detail  together  with  positive 
control  arrangements. 

8118  of  April  5, 1909,  and  11021  of  May  10,  1909.— 
J.  W.  Dunne. 

The  specifications  of  these  patents  are  of  interest,  but  cannot  be 
satisfactorily  abridged  in  the  space  here  available. 

The  inventor  proposes,  with  the  object  of  obtaining  automatic 
stability  and  freedom  from  oscillation,  to  construct  the  supporting 
planes  as  one  or  two  pairs  of  rearwardly  projecting  rigid  wings, 
a  line  joining  the  tips  of  any  pair  of  wings  passing  behind  the 
centre  of  gravity  of  the  machine.  (The  machine  in  plan  is  like  a 
broad  arrow.)  The  angle  of  incidence  of  each  wing  decreases 
from  the  body  of  the  machine  to  the  wing  tip. 

10098  of  April  28,  1909.    (May  22,  1908.)- 
R.  Esnault-Pelterie. 

This  invention  relates  to  air  propellers,  the  blades  of  which  are 
pivoted  to  the  boss  in  such  a  manner  that  automatic  adjustment 
can  take  place.  Figs.  65  and  66  are  exact  reproductions  of  the 
drawings.  The  description  and  explanation  given  in  the 
specification  with  reference  to  these  figures  are  not  as  full  as  they 
might  with  advantage  have  been,  and  it  would  not  be  safe  to 
attempt  an  abridgment.  Fig.  66  is  said  to  be  a  section  on 
the  line  XX,  of  Fig.  65,  and  v  is  said  to  represent  the  direction 


EEVIEW  OF  BRITISH  PATENTS 


61 


(Fig.  67.) 


Fig.  65.— Esnault-Pelterie's  Movable  Blade  Propeller. 

of  flow  of  the  air  encountered  by  the  sectional  element  of  the 
blade  under  consideration.  The  first  claim  of  the  patent  is 
important :  it  reads  as  follows  : — 

A  helical    propeller  whereof  the  blades,  which  are  mounted  on  arms 
adapted  in  known  manner  to  rotate  on  their  axes,  are  made  with  a  concave 


62 


AEROPLANE   PATENTS 


surface  and  a  convex  surface  such  that  the  blades  are  automatically  and 
correctly  turned  into  the  position  suitable  for  the  speed  of  travel, 
substantially  as  described. 

Fig.  67  shows  a  modified  connection  for  the  propeller  arm,  a 
spherical  socket  being  employed  so  that  not  only  can  the  arm 
turn  on  its  axis,  but  it  can,  as  indicated  by  the  dotted  lines, 
assume  different  inclinations. 

10422  of  May  3, 1909,— F.  W.  Lanchester. 

In  the  flying  machine,  shown  in  Fig.  68,  A,  A  are  the  main 


Fig.  68. — Lanchester's  Steering  Device. 


Fig.  69. — Lanchester's  Box  Eudder. 

supporting  planes  and  B  is  the  propeller.  The  box  rudder  C  is 
of  multicellular  form  and  may  be  constructed,  as  shown  in  end 
elevation  in  Fig.  69,  to  consist  of  six  cells,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6.  The 


EEVIEW  OF  BRITISH  PATENTS 


63 


(Fig.  70. 


rotary  motion  given  to  the  air  by  the  propeller  acts  to  a  certain 
extent  on  the  surfaces  forming  the  rudder,  and  so  helps  to  neutralise 
the  re-active  torque  of  the  propeller  which  tends  to  turn  the 
flying  machine  about  an  axis  parallel  to  the  axis  of  rotation  of  the 

propeller.  The  angular 
position  of  the  rudder  C 
can  be  altered  by  hand 
by  means  of  the  spindle 
D,  worm  K,  and  toothed 
segment  L.  E  is  a  for- 
ward rudder  pivotally 
supported  at  its  forward 
edge  and  free  to  take  up 
any  angular  position  in  a 
vertical  plane  unless  con- 
trolled by  the  handle  H. 


12036  of  May  21, 

1909.  ' 
(July  6, 1908.)- 

Soc.  des  Moteurs 
Gnome. 

This  patent  relates  to 
explosion  motors  of  the 
type  in  which  the  cylin- 
ders rotate  about  a  fixed 
axle  or  crank  shaft.  Figs. 
70  and  71  are  reproduced 
from  the  specification. 
The  claims  are  as  fol- 
lows : — 

1.  An  explosion  motor 
with  radial  cylinders  rotating 
round  a  fixed  axle  in  which 
the  explosive  mixture  is  in- 
troduced into  the  casing  by 
the  hollow  shaft,  and  is  ad- 
mitted into  the  explosion 
chamber  by  an  admission 
valve  mounted  on  the  piston, 
characterised  by  the  exhaust 
valve  of  each  cylinder  being 


Figs.  70  and  71.— Gnome  Motor. 


64 


AEROPLANE   PATENTS 


arranged  on  the  bottom  of  said  cylinder  so  as  to  allow  the  burnt  gases 
to  escape  radially  from  the  interior  to  the  exterior,  their  evacuation  being 
assisted  by  centrifugal  force,  substantially  as  described. 

2.  Motor  as  in    Claim  1,  wherein  the  admission  valves  mounted  on  the 
pistons  are  automatic  and  balanced  so  as  to  be  able  to  open  under  the  effect 
of  the  suction  produced  in  the  explosion  chambers  by  the  evacuation  of  the 
burnt  gases,  thus  producing  an  automatic  clearance  of  these  gases. 

3.  The    improved    rotary  motor,    substantially  as  herein  described  and 
illustrated  in  the  annexed  drawing. 

In  Fig.  70  the  admission  valve  is  shown  at  A.  It  is  balanced 
by  two  weights  which  are  controlled  by  a  spring  so  that  it  is 
uninfluenced  by  the  centrifugal  force  caused  by  the  rotation  of 
the  cylinder.  The  spring  is  adjusted  to  be  of  sufficient  strength 
to  allow  the  valve  to  open  when,  during  the  suction  stroke  of  the 
engine,  the  pressure  on  the  side  of  the  valve  adjacent  to  the 
crank  shaft  is  greater  than  the  pressure  on  the  other  side  of  the 
valve.  The  exhaust  valve  is  controlled  by  a  cam  B,  which  is 
caused  to  rotate  at  the  speed  requisite  to  open  the  exhaust  valve 
of  each  cylinder  once  in  every  two  revolutions.  One  cam  serves 
to  actuate  the  valves  of  all  the  cylinders,  levers  C  and  I)  being 
provided  for  each  cylinder.  The  levers  are  balanced  so  as  to  be 
unaffected  by  centrifugal  force  as  regards  their  action  on  the  valve. 

12256  of  May  24, 1909.— A.  M.  Herring. 

A    and   B,    Fig.   72,   represent   the     two     main     supporting 


B 


Fig.  72. — Herring's  Gyroscopically- Controlled  Propellers. 


surfaces  of  a  flying  machine,  and  C  diagrammatically  represents 
the  motor  which  drives  the  shafts  D,  E.     H,  H  are  the  propellers 


EEVIEW  OF   BRITISH   PATENTS 


65 


which  are  rotated  in  opposite  directions.  The  propeller  shafts 
K,  K  are  so  supported  and  so  driven  from  the  motor  shafts  that 
they  can  swing  in  horizontal  planes  but  are  prevented  from 
swinging  in  vertical  planes.  When  the  machine  in  flight  tilts 
up  or  down,  considered  longitudinally,  the  propeller  shafts,  due 
to  gyroscopic  action,  will  either  swing  towards  each  other  or 
away  from  each  other.  In  either  case,  by  means  of  the  cords 
M,  M,  lever  N,  and  T-shaped  lever  P,  they  will  actuate  the  cord 
Q,  which  is  arranged  to  control  the  inclination  of  fore  and  aft 
rudders  or  auxiliary  supporting  surfaces,  so  as  to  effect  the 
righting  of  the  machine. 

Other  devices  involving  the  employment  of  independent  gyro- 
scopes are  also  described  in  connection  with  the  fore-and-aft  and 
transverse  stability  of  flying  machines. 


16068  of  July  9,  1909.  (July  15,  1908.)-W.  and 
0.  Wright. 

A  flying  machine  double  rudder,  shown  in  Fig.  73,  consists  of 


-<2 


-c 


-^ff" 


Fig.  73.— Wrights'  Cambered  Eudder. 


A.P. 


66  AEROPLANE   PATENTS 

two  planes  A,  A,  pivoted  at  B,  B  to  the  frame  C  of  the  machine. 
A  pulley  D,  also  pivoted  to  the  frame,  is  adapted  to  be  actuated 
by  a  rope  E,  and  is  rigidly  connected  by  means  of  its  shaft  to 
levers  H  of  which  one  only  is  seen.  The  levers  are  connected  by 
links  K,  K  to  the  ends  of  the  rudder  surfaces.  The  ratio  of  the 
two  arms  of  the  levers  is  not  the  same  as  the  ratio  of  the  two 
portions  of  the  rudder  surfaces,  so  that  the  rudder  surfaces, 
besides  being  swivelled  with  the  lever,  are  bent  into  the  curved 
forms  indicated  by  the  dotted  lines,  that  is,  the  rudder  surfaces 
are  cambered,  the  concave  side  being  presented  to  the  relative 
wind.  The  longitudinal  bars  of  the  rudders  may,  if  desired,  be 
formed  in  two  portions  pivotally  connected  at  B,  and  the  links 
K  may  also  be  made  in  two  portions  pivotally  jointed  at  the 
points  where  they  are  connected  to  the  end  of  the  levers.  The 
device  may  be  applied  to  other  than  horizontal  rudders. 


23166  of  Oct.  11,  1909.— H.  L.  Short,  A,  E.  Short, 
and  K.  0.  Short. 

This  invention  also  relates  to  means  for  altering  the  angle 
of  a  rudder  and  at  the  same  time  flexing  or  cambering  it  so  that 
it  will  receive  the  air  pressure  on  its  concave  side.  The  desired 
camber  is  obtained  by  proportioning  the  ribs  of  the  rudder. 

The  frame  10,  Fig.  74,  carries  the  uprights  3,  7.  The  ribs  5 
of  the  double  rudder  are  made  of  diminishing  thickness  towards 
the  forward  end  at  which  they  are  connected  to  a  transverse 
member  1  hinged  at  2  to  the  uprights  3.  The  ribs  5,  at  an 
intermediate  portion  of  their  length,  are  fastened  to  transverse 
members  4  which  are  anchored  by  links  8  to  brackets  14  which 
are  rigidly  connected  to  the  uprights  7.  The  shaft  16,  supported 
in  bearings  carried  by  the  frame  10,  is  operated  by  the  crank  19 
and  the  connecting  rod  20,  and  actuates  levers  17  which,  by 
means  of  links  18  and  rods  15,  give  the  desired  movement  to  the 
rudders.  The  dotted  lines  give  the  curve  of  the  rudders  when 
the  rear  ends  are  deflected  upwards.  It  will  be  noted  that  the 
deflecting  force  is  applied  to  the  rudders  at  one  (the  rear)  edge 
only. 


EEVIEW  OF  BEITISH  PATENTS 


67 


Fig.  74.— Shorts'  Cambered  Rudder. 


2611  of  Feb.  2, 1910.— H.  L.  Short,  A.  E,  Short,  and 
H.  0.  Short. 

This  patent,  granted  to  the  same  parties  as  the  last  reviewed, 
relates  to  another  device  for  giving  camber  to  a  rudder,  but  the 
device  in  the  present  instance  is  said  to  be  also  suitable  for  the 
main  supporting  surfaces.  Referring  to  Fig.  75,  a  fabric  4  is 

F2 


68 


AEROPLANE  PATENTS 


directly  connected,  say  at  its  forward  edge,  to  a  frame  1,  2,  3,  3, 
while  the  rear  edge  of  the  fabric  is  connected  to  the  frame  by  a 
device  comprising  the  use  of  a  spring  or  springs.  Different 
spring  arrangements  are  described.  In  the  device  shown  in  the 
figure,  spiral  springs  6  are  interposed  between  the  frame  and  a 


Fig.  75. — Shorts'  Cambered  Plane  or  Eudder. 

bar  5  to  which  the  fabric  is  attached.  Laths  or  other  flexible 
members  7  may  be  placed  in  longitudinal  pockets  provided  in  the 
fabric,  and  these  laths  are  preferably  constructed,  as  shown  at  5 
in  Fig.  74,  with  the  forward  end  of  less  depth  or  thickness,  and 
therefore  more  flexibility,  than  the  rear  end. 


4515  of  Feb.  23,  1910.— P.  R.  Grace. 

This  invention  relates  to  a  device  for  tensioning  the  flexible  or 
wire  ties  employed  in  the  construction  of  aeroplanes,  etc.  As 
shown  in  Figs.  76  and  77,  the  device  consists  of  two  annular 
plates  6,  6,  held  together  by  four  screws  7.  The  wires  4,  5  at 
their  point  of  crossing  pass  between  the  two  plates  and  are 
secured  in  tension  by  tightening  the  screws  7.  If  one  of  the 


OF 


REVIEW  OF  BRITISH  PATENTS 


69 


wires  should  become  slack  from  any  cause,  the  clamping  device  is 
loosened  and  moved  a  small  distance  along  the  other  wire  (which 
is  still  in  proper  tension),  so  altering  the  point  of  crossing  and 
bringing  the  slack  wire  to  the  requisite  degree  of  tension  as  shown 
by  the  dotted  lines  in  Fig.  76.  The  screws  are  then  tightened 


(Fig.  77.) 


Figs.  76  and  77. — Grace's  Clamping  Device. 


to  again  secure  the  wires  together.  If,  however,  both  wires 
should  become  slack,  the  device  is  loosened  and  moved  down 
vertically  until  the  wires  again  have  the  proper  tension:  the 
screws  are  then  tightened. 


14760  of  June  18, 1910.    (July  1, 1909.)— Societe 
Antoinette. 

This  relates  to  a  device  for  procuring  a  helicoidal  deformation 
of  the  wings  by  means  of  ropes  which  pass  over  upper  and  lower 
pulleys  and  are  attached  to  the  front  or  rear  edges  of  the  wings, 
the  two  wings  being  warped  in  opposite  directions. 


SECTION  III 

BRITISH  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  HEAVIER-THAN-AIR  FLYING  MACHINES 
FROM    THE    BEGINNING    OF    1860    TO    THE    END    OF    1908 

ALSO     APPLICATIONS     FOR     PATENTS    FROM    JANUARY     1,     1909,     TO 

JUNE    30,    1910 

ACCORDING  to  the  classification  adopted  by  the  British  Patent 
Office  nearly  all  the  patents  enumerated  below  are  included  in  the 
class  entitled  "  Aeronautics."  This  class,  however,  includes  many 
inventions  which  are  not  of  interest  in  connection  with  heavier- 
than-air  machines,  and  which  have  consequently  been  excluded 
by  the  author  from  the  lists  given  below.  Patents  for  balloons 
and  the  like  have,  as  a  rule,  been  omitted ;  but,  where  a 
propeller,  rudder,  or  other  device,  is  described  or  claimed  which 
was  considered  by  the  author  as  of  interest  to  inventors  or 
manufacturers  of  heavier-than-air  machines,  the  patent  has  been 
included.  The  Patent  Office  classification,  although  of  great  use 
for  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  intended,  could  not  be,  and  has 
not  been,  relied  upon  for  the  present  purpose,  but  an  independent 
selection  has  been  made. 

As  the  specifications  of  a  large  number  of  applications  for 
patents  dated  as  of  1909  have  not  yet  been  published,  this  year, 
along  with  the  first  eight  months  of  1910,  has  been  treated  dif- 
ferently from  the  previous  years.  It  has  been  impossible  to  make  a 
selection  of  the  patents  applied  for  during  this  period  of  twenty 
months,  and  all  the  applications  considered  by  the  Patent  Office  to 
be  comprised  in  the  class  "aeronautics"  have  been  included,  with 
an  additional  few  which  were  considered  relevant.  Some  of  these 
applications  may  not  be  of  interest  in  connection  with  heavier- 
than-air  machines,  and  others  may  be  subsequently  abandoned 
and  no  patent  granted. 

In  many  cases  inventions  are  communicated  from  a  party 
abroad  to  a  party  (usually  a  patent  agent)  resident  in  this 
country.  In  such  cases  the  name  of  the  communicatee  is  placed 
first,  and  the  name  of  the  communicator  is  printed  immediately 
afterwards  within  parentheses. 


HEAVIEE-THAN-AIB  FLYING  MACHINES          71 


I860. 

561     Smythies,  J.  K. 
1598    Stevens,  C.  (Rabbat,  C.  F.). 

1861. 

1929    Ponton  d'Amecourt,G.L.M., 

Viscount  de. 
2420    Phillips,  J.  S. 

1862. 

None. 

1863. 

None. 

1864. 

2030     Brooman,  E.  A.  (Couturier, 

C.  E.  F.). 
2464     Fontaine-Moreau,      P.     A., 

Comte  de  (Nesmond,  P.  C.). 

1865. 

None. 

1866. 

1143     Butler,  J.  W. 
1571     Wenham,  F.  H. 
2489     Boulton,  M.  P.  W. 
3262     Boyman,  R.  B. 

1867. 

473     Kaufmann,  J.  M. 

696     Boulton,  M.  P.  W. 
1392     Smyth,  W. 
1525     Kaufmann,  J.  M. 
1982     Craddock,  T. 
2115    Butler,  J.  W.,  and  Edwards, 

E. 

2229    Nelson,  J.  E. 
2504     Smythies,  J.  K. 

1868. 

392     Boulton,  M.  P.  W. 
412    Masey,  P.  E. 
568     Hullett,  J. 
1005     Boulton,  M.  P.  W.,  and 

Imray,  J. 

1178     Spencer,  C.  G. 
1988     Boulton,  M.  P.  W. 
2680     Hunter,  J.  M. 


1869. 

1124    Abel,  C.  D.  (Jombart,  E.). 

1769    Michel,  M. 

2827    Noble,  W.  H.  (Marriott,  F.). 

1870. 

440    Villeneuve,  A.  H.  de. 
1469     Harte,  R. 
2040    Ross,  W.  M. 

1871. 

728    Osselin,  A.  F. 
3067     Wilson,  G. 
3238    Moy,  T.,  and  Shil,  R.  E. 

1872. 

411     Brown,  D.  S. 

821     Soul,  M.  A.  (Haenlein,  P.). 

1873. 

2346     Brown,  D.  S. 
2396     Gedge,  W.  E.  (Freville,  E.). 
3194    Wirth,  F.  (Beins,  H.). 
3309     Fleury,  A. 

1874. 

81     Vogt,  H.  C.  de. 
265    Monckton,  E.  H.  C. 
777     Ridley,  J.  D. 
2808     Moy,  T. 

1875. 

140    Cave,  J.  0.  C. 
574     Boulton,  M.  P.  W. 
4151     Smythies,  J.  K. 

1876. 

None. 

1877. 
3974     Brannon,  P. 

1878. 

3346    Brewer,  E.  G.  (Bastien,  J.  B. ). 

1879. 

2376    Brearey,  F.  W. 

1880. 

4871     Stevenson,  R. 


72 


AEEOPLANE  PATENTS 


1881. 

430    Capel,  T.  J.,  and  la  Pauze, 

A.  de. 
3561     Kerkhove,  A.  H.  van  de,  and 

Snyers,  T. 

1882. 

34     Smythies,  J.  K. 
1229    Lake,  A.  W.  (Hyatt,  T.). 
4585     Maughan,  B.  W.,  and  Waddy, 

S.  D. 
5251     Jensen,  P.  (Koch,  G-.). 

1883. 

1 552     Maughan,  B.  W. ,  and  Waddy, 

S.  D. 

2264     Sjostrom,  P. 
4245     Johnson,    J.  H.   (Delaurier, 

E.  J.). 

1884. 

7  Smythies,  J.  K. 

2339  Quartermain,  W. 

2589  Cornelius,  W. 

5942  Kosztovits,  O.  I. 

12503  Smart,  G.  E. 

13768  Phillips,  H.  F. 

14038  Armour,  J. 

1885. 
5118    Henderson,  A.  0.  (Bontems, 

B.). 

9193     Owen,  E.  G. 
10068     Griffiths,  T. 

1886. 

1830    Waelde,  J. 

7015    Eedfern,  G.  T.  (Foster,  J.  S.). 

1887. 

None. 

1888. 

9725    Middleton,  H. 

1889. 

3360     Craig,  J. 

5199    Millet,  F.  T. 
10359     Maxim,  H.  S. 
14737     Otto,  E.  C.  F.,  and  E.  C.  F. 
16883    Maxim,  H.  S. 


13311 


1890. 

Griffiths,  T.,    and    Beddoes, 
H.  W. 
Moore,  K.  F% 


20435     Phillips,  H.  F. 

1891. 

13311     Phillips,  H.  F. 
19228     Maxim,  H.  S. 
20032     Hutchinson,  W.  N. 
21885    Middleton,  H. 

1892. 

634     Walker,  J.  C. 
3872    Quentin,     A.     A.    H.,    and 

Guattari,  A.,  and  C. 
9106     Crease,  J.  F. 
15977    Battey,  S.  B. 

1893. 

1064    Stark,  T.   A.,  and   Ortlepp 
J.  C. 

9775    Middleton,  H. 
10852     Maxim,  H.  S. 
16269     Thompson,  W.  P.  (Koch,  G.). 
17859    Decazes,  Vicomte. 

1894. 

3128    Mills,   F.  E.,   and  Deming, 
H.  A. 

7919    Hofmann,  J. 

9347    Booth,  H.  S. 
10034     Haddan,  H.  J.  (Piquet  &  Co.). 
10819     Golby,  F.  W.  (Oetling,  C.). 
11941     Hofmann,  J. 
13996    Thompson,  W.  P.  (Palacios, 

E.  de,  and  Goetjes,  W.). 
15128     Lautenschlager,  P.  E. 
19264     May,  E.  E. 
22597     Birnbaum,  E.  J.  W.  P. 
23564     Borgfeldt,  N.  H. 

1895. 

6  Moore,  E.  F. 

4125  Macdonald,  T. 

5938  Barbe,  P.  E.  S. 

7271  Los  Olivos,  E.  C.  de. 

9390  Eoeper,  C.  H.  O. 

10239  Marshall,  J. 

22011  Hofmann,  J. 

25050  Pennington,  E.  J. 


HEAVIEE-THAN-AIR  FLYING  MACHINES 


73 


1896. 

3657     Eoots,  J. 

9108    Waelde,  J.,   and  Abelspies, 
J.  F.  0. 

9144    Pilcher,  P.  S. 
12469     Davidson,  G.  L.  0. 
17119    Pennington,  E.  J. 
25716     Simms,  F.  E. 

1897. 

2351  White,  J.  D. 

3608  Lanchester,  F.  W. 

5739  Molesworth-Hepworth,E.N. 

6320  Simms,  F.  E. 

7012  Diesel,  E. 

9734  Marshall,  J. 

9864  Beenen,  B.  E. 

10620  Maxim,  EL  S. 

13372  Chanute,  O. 

14334  Dufferin,  H.  J. 

15221  Moy,   T.   (Chanute,  0.,   and 

Herring,  A.  M.). 

15987  Adams,  A. 

18663  Krauss,  E. 

18935  Hardacre,  G. 

26391  Wolf,  Carl,  Baron  von. 

30932  Carter,  W.  T. 

1898. 
10968     Le  Eond,  L.  J.  J.  B. 

1899. 

3637  Blunt,  A.  H.  P. 

7442  Bowyer-Smyth,  D.  M. 

8019  Blunt,  A.  H.  P. 

17611  Brown,  B. 

17913  Baumann,  A. 

17977  Walker,  W.  G. 

20739  Armitage,  0. 

21329  Placet,  P.  E. 

1900. 

12514    Kalisch,  E. 

13241     Groombridge,  C.,  and  South, 

W.  A. 

17367     Gathmann,  L. 
17371     Lehmann,  E. 
18287     Vergara,  A. 
19199    Filippi,  A.  P.,  and  Macler,  C. 


1900 — continued. 
19424     Tarbe,  J. 
20115     Blunt,  A.  H.  P. 
20368    Simms,  F.  E. 

1901. 

346  Blunt,  A.  H.  P. 

883  Flynn,  P.  J. 

1066  Nicholl,  G. 

2389  Briincker,  E. 

3691  Leger,  M. 

8320  Tarczal,  V.,  Eoheim,  E.,  and 

Simko,  J. 

15960  Porak,  W. 

16100  Griffiths,  W.  J. 

16856  Moy,  T. 

18862  Tuckfield,  C. 

19995  Swingle,  E.  L. 

1902. 

8681     Haas,  T. 

9251     Murray,  T.  B.,  and  Fulton, 
F.O. 

9706    Blunt,  A.  H.  P. 
10267     Fraser,  J. 
11616    Lipkowski,  J.  de. 
11982     Seiberi,  J. 
13499    Krakow,  A.  K  E.  A. 
14145     Le  Eond,  L.  J.  J.  B. 
15110    Bausset,  A.  de. 
15403    Nemethy,  E. 
16698     Sampson,  D. 
21680    Middleton,  H. 
23161     Manker,  C.  A. 
24587     Mott,  S.  D. 
25723     Groombridge,  C.,  and  South, 

W.  A. 
27027     Cochrane,  W. 

1903. 

878     Lebaudy,  P.,  and  P. 
1943     Graham,  C.  K 
2688    Baumann,  A. 
2826    Wellner,  G. 
7179    Winsch,  J.,  and  Lazarowicz, 

J., 

7763     Haylock,  D.,  and  E.  A. 
11719    Eoux,  E. 
12149    Booth,  H.  S. 


74 


AEKOPLANE   PATENTS 


1903  —  continued. 

15748 

Maxim,  Sir  H.  S. 

18768 

Bourcart,  M. 

19347 

Green,  W.  A. 

20169 

Bratschie,  A. 

20702 

Stewart,  J. 

23380 

Long,  L. 

24701 

Howell,  T.  J. 

25378 

Barclay,  J. 

25444 

Blunt,  A.  H.  P. 

26821 

Powell,  B.  F.  S.  Baden- 

27212 

Brennan,  L. 

1904. 

1446 

Avery,  A.  H. 

1543 

Hawkins,  E.  C. 

1763 

Macleod,  M.  C. 

1778 

Hutchinson,  F.  W.  H. 

1788 

McMullen,  G. 

3120 

Maxim,  Sir  H.  S. 

3307 

Voj&cek,  L. 

3336 

Visoly,  S.  H.  de. 

3929 

Crawford,  E.  L. 

4901 

Adams,  H. 

5787 

Hiickel,  H. 

6732 

Wright,  0.,  and  W.' 

8418 

Hoernes,  H. 

9506 

Parker,  T. 

13502 

Delprat,  A. 

13747 

Benston,  E. 

14327 

Winegarden,    A.    van, 

Crawford,  G.  M. 

14367 

Mutti,  A. 

15798 

Thompson,  W.  P. 

21477 

Marinakis,  A. 

23833 

Jones,  J.  M. 

24807 

Knapper,  G. 

26891 

Preidel,  W. 

28264 

Westlake,  A.  J. 

and 


1905. 

3186    Morgan,  F.  S. 

3214     Mumford,  E.  E. 

3456    Bennett,  J.  F.,  Mastin,  J., 

and  Platts,  W. 
3990    Dufaus,  A.,  and  H. 
7603     Forlanini,  E. 
7802  '  Shanks,  J.,  and  Taylor,  A.  G. 
9767    Becht,  L.  A. 


190  5 — continued. 

11748  Blunt,  A.  H.  P. 

15613  Booth,  H.  S. 

15698  Mumford,  E.  E. 

16838  Wondra,  F. 

17935  Lanchester,  F.  W. 

25395  Simms,  F.  E. 

1906. 

620  Gambin,  A. 

1436  Middleton,  H.  M. 

1747  Montgolfier,  P.  de. 

2803  Eenner,  E.,  M.,  L.,  and  A. 

4204  Fauber,  W.  H. 

6443  Powell,  B.  F.  S.  Baden-. 

6502  Eebikoff,  W. 

7377  Ellehammer,  J.  C.  Hansen. 

8316  Gilbert,  W.  V. 

8868  Turnbull,  W.  E. 

9804  Brandl,  A. 

10757  Boult,  A.  J.  (Maul,  A.). 

11699  Dippel,  C. 

13959  Lentz,  H.,  and  Bellens,  C. 

14003  Gibon,  T. 

16626  Harper,  W. 

18581  Armitage,  C. 

19259  Cornu,  J.,  and  P. 

19488  Hardie,  A. 

20952  Garsed,  J.  L. 

21514  Homola,  J. 

26099  Eoe,  A.  V. 

26414  Taaffe,  E. 

26764  Vaniman,  M. 

27312  Thompson,  W.  P. 

27817  Deixler,  J. 

28710  Clarke,  T.  W.  K 

29061  Wynne,  W.  E. 

29308  Murray,  W.  E. 

1907. 

16  Kay,  M. 

1004  Wallace,  G. 

1391  Wallin,  B.  H. 

1831  Eder,  J. 

1960  Davidson,  G.  L.  0. 

2084  Burgess,  W.  E. 

2353  Lucas,  E. 

2479  Dalton,  P. 

4033  Tasker,  E.  E. 


HEAVIER-THAN-AIK  FLYING  MACHINES 


75 


1907 — continued. 

4043  Laitte,  L.  B.  de. 

4245  Porter,  J.  E. 

4659  Hewitt,  S.  E. 

4835  Hammond,  E.  V. 

6946  Bliven,  A.  P. 

7059  Nial,  M. 

7156  Eoots,  J.  D. 

7491  Hutchinson,  F.  W.  H. 

7887  Hutchinson,  F.  W.  H. 

7894  Thomas,  F.  W. 

8435  Saward,  J. 

8966  McCurd,  W.  A. 

9119  Eeden,  U.  von. 

9413  Lanchester,  F.  W. 

9413a  Lanchester,  F.  W. 

9594  Garsed,  J.  L. 

9691  Powell,  B.  F.  S.  Baden-. 

10004  Bode,  E. 

10961  Schiilke,  J. 

11188  Buch,  M. 

11590  Hardie,  A. 

12848  Peugot,  A.,  and  Huber,  T. 
(trading  as  Soc.  A.  Peugot ; 
T.  Huber  &  Co.),  and 
Lostalot,  H.  de. 

13905  Zizke,  E. 

15438  Buckwalter,  0.  L. 

15457  Wallin,  B.  H. 

15590  Porter,  J.  E. 

15796  Simms,  P.  E. 

15890  Addis,  F.  H. 

16484  Lindkvist,  E.  E. 

17156  Forlanini,  E. 

17366  Colquhoun,  J.  A. 

17725  Webb,  H.  B. 

18158  Frossard,  J. 

18559  Gathmann,  L. 

19822  Pomianowski,  E.  A. 

21290  Clarke,  T.  W.  K 

21923  Chappell,  C.  A. 

22273  Davies,  C.  J. 

23307  Day,  S.  A. 

23459  Eaggett,  J.  J. 

23553  Watson,  P.  A. 

24247  Scott,  B.  D.,  and  W.  E. 

25295  Taaffe,  E. 

25518  Antoni,  G.,  and  U. 

26000  Hennebique,  F. 


1907 — continued. 
26069     Bedell,  B.  H. 
26884     Bjelovucic,  M.  S. 
27221     Fadda,  A.  S.,  Lorenzo,  J.  di, 

and  Aeroplane  Co. 
27408     Straka,  J. 
27552     Cloud,  J.  W. 
27805     Connolly,  B. 
28034     Pelterie,  E.  Esnault-. 
28590     Capone,  F. 

1908. 

84    Neyen,  E. 
221     Pelterie,  E.  Esnault-. 

1035     Garsed,  J.  L. 

1258     Pelterie,  E.  Esnault-. 

1307     Winderlich,  A. 

1445     Fronz,  F. 

1593     Ferrero,  M. 

1683    Heeren,  O. 

2216    Larkin,  G.  P.,  and  Bowden's 
Patents  Syndicate,  E.  M. 

2493     Wilson,  E.  F. 

2588     Bleriot,  L. 

2651     Thompson,  W.  P. 

2808     Dunne,  J.  W.,  and  Hunting- 
ton,  A.  K. 

4519     Edwards,  A.  H. 

4788     Motorluftschiff-Studienges. 

4842     Bernd,  E.  von. 

5220    Lester,  E.  J.,  and  Best,  W.  G. 

5310     Chantraine,  J. 

5312    Beach,   S.   Y.,   and   White- 
head,  G. 

5471     Kerwat,  G. 

5949    Mutti,  A.,  and  Mond,  E.  L. 

5977     Cervelli,  J.,  Molinari,  J.,  and 
Bernasconi,  J. 

7129     Capone,  F. 

7205     Kay,  M. 

7370     Saward,  J. 

7632    Mielcarek,  W.  S. 

8118    Solon,  M.  P.,  and  Tellwright, 
W. 

8591     Warswick,  A. 

8627  Hart,  G.  W. 

8628  Demoulin,  A. 

8643    Pelterie,  E.  Esnault-. 
8842     Shadbolt,  L.  P. 


76 


AEKOPLANE   PATENTS 


1908— continued. 

9069  Bleriot,  L.  21498 

9898  Brown,  0.  K.  B.  21618 

9970  Humbert,  V.  21656 

10528  Pelterie,  E.  Esnault-.  21668 

11155  Piffhard,  H.  H.  21754 

11763  Fairweather,  W.  (Lake,  S.).        21952 

11905  Skouses,  P.  22209 

11948  Wisniewski,  Y.  22238 

12013  Garsed,  J.  L.  22258 

13315  McLean,  K.  22384 

13809  Lorenzen,  C.  22809 

14327  Deixler,  J.  22943 

15924  Clarke,  T.  W.  K.  23104 

16030  Campa,  P.  23129 

16153  Wood,  F.  23208 

16300  Tzimbalist,  I.  O.  23316 

16606  Greene,     W.    Friese-,    and      23347 

Friese-Greene  Patents.  23595 

16941  Lindkvist,  E.  E.  23618 

17014  Gaunt,  J.  23798 

17131  Bartelt,  F.  L.  24076 

17150  Weiss,  J.  24077 

17370  Montjustin,  E.  d'Equevilley-.      24148 

17855  Schroeder,  F.  W.  24344 

17877  Dufwa,  F.  W.  24441 

18877  Kober,  M.  24617 

19677  Fredrikson,  A.  J.  24682 

19805  Hare,  E.  H.  24928 

19825  Klupathy,  E.,  and  Berger,  C.       25315 

19982  Fraser,  J.  E.  26617 

20038  Maxim,  Sir  H.  S.  26827 

20433  Silverston,  A.  E.  26924 

20694  Dontre,  A.  F.  J.  27771 

20785  Bleriot,  L.  27812 

20822  Schmid,  E.,  and  Bauer,  H.         28015 

20916  Humphreys,  J.  E.  28026 

21074  Humphreys,  J.  E.  28027 

21092  Tribelhorn,  A.  28028 

21261  Porter,  J.  E.  28119 

21363  Evans,  W.  E.  28273 

21445  Degn,  P.  F.  28321 

21497  Bleriot,  L.  28558 


1908— continued. 
Penkala,  E.,  and  E. 
Danovan,  J. 
Thayer,  E. 
Howard,  W.  F. 
Grosclaude,  D.  A.  L. 
Britain,  W. 
Mark,  W. 
Humphreys,  J.  E. 
Wright,  J.  M. 
Baron,  F.  E.,  and  M. 
Perks,  E. 
Geest,  K.  L.  W. 
Garsed,  J.  L. 
Hammant,  W. 
Taylor,  F.  W.  T. 
Garsed,  J.  L. 
Holle,  A.  A. 
Greene,  W.  Friese-. 
Schiitz,  S. 
Mercer,  I.  E. 
Wright,  W.,  and  O. 
Wright,  W.,  and  O. 
Degn,  P.  F. 
Fauber,  W.  H. 
Cloud,  J.  W. 
Peache,  G.  A. 
Garsed,  J.  L. 
Tacquin,  A. 
Thompson,  W.  P. 
Beilharz,  G. 
Forbes,  Sir  C.  S. 
Sturgess,  G.,  and  C. 
Babillot,  G. 
Smith,  G.  P.  B. 
Steinhaus,  E.  E. 
Pelterie,  E.  Esnault-. 
Pelterie,  E.  Esnault-. 
Pelterie,  E.  Esnault-. 
Phillips,  A. 
Forbes,  Sir  C.  S. 
Fawcett,  J. 
Boult,  A.  J. 


HEAVIEK-THAN-AIK  FLYING  MACHINES 


77 


1909. 

47 

2932 

6154 

8602 

10468 

12269 

14638 

16623 

101 

3144 

6310 

8687 

10479 

12305 

14645 

16677 

123 

3202 

6366 

bS28 

10495 

12369 

14666 

16707 

205 

3412 

6378 

8849 

10540 

12446 

14668 

16747 

217 

3455 

6414 

8866 

10761 

12536 

14682 

16785 

307 

3503 

6500 

9006 

10764 

12556 

14685 

16786 

463 

3535 

6568 

9060 

10869 

12670 

14921 

16829 

600 

3616 

6598 

9068 

10875 

12728 

14922 

16868 

704 

3645 

6647 

9074 

10990 

12775 

14927 

16971 

750 

3697 

6648 

9181 

11021 

12814 

14958 

17053 

753 

3728 

6745 

9235 

11069 

12846 

14990 

17131 

755 

3837 

6869 

9239 

11090 

12856 

15013 

17173 

771 

3908 

6966 

9295 

11100 

12907 

15022 

17291 

863 

3932 

6989 

9303 

11141 

12925 

15109 

17295 

962 

3962 

7057 

9321 

11153 

13054 

15110 

17307 

1051 

3965 

7061 

9388 

11197 

13108 

15195 

17310 

1303 

4006 

7084 

9500 

11279 

13133 

15233 

17343 

1351 

4097 

7105 

9512 

11299 

13270 

15271 

17456 

1402 

4217 

7209 

9519 

11367 

13293 

15291 

17552 

1497 

4348 

7237 

9525 

11395 

13319 

15402 

17569 

1514 

4473 

7349 

9608 

11448 

13417 

15415 

17613 

1528 

4525 

7395 

9609 

11498 

13418 

15422 

17668 

1556 

4607 

7501 

9610 

11501 

13477 

15510 

17678 

1632 

4624 

7503 

9611 

11504 

13608 

15542 

17811 

1639 

4642 

7524 

9616 

11523 

13618 

15564 

17857 

1640 

4803 

7548 

9635 

11534 

13651 

15577 

17986 

1656 

4812 

7666 

9687 

11536 

13670 

15587 

17993 

1709 

4945 

7667 

9805 

11638 

13706 

15637 

18008 

1803 

4954 

7774 

9843 

11814 

13726 

15675 

18033 

1909 

5133 

7792 

9846 

11819 

13774 

15677 

18040 

1999 

5221 

7987 

9857 

11934 

13791 

15801 

18041 

2111 

5391 

7998 

9983 

11960 

13818 

15831 

18055 

2131 

5550 

8011 

9989 

11961 

13853 

15885 

18068 

2165 

5628 

8086 

9990 

11962 

13965 

15940 

18095 

2166 

5649 

8118 

10006 

11963 

14031 

15951 

18096 

2304 

5662 

8179 

10098 

12003 

14077 

15963 

18097 

2397 

5699 

8192 

10131 

12036 

14188 

16010 

18116 

2446 

5716 

8282 

10142 

12042 

14355 

16011 

18138 

2467 

5720 

8285 

10154 

12044 

14373 

16045 

18174 

2540 

5910 

8350 

10193 

12080 

14414 

16068 

18204 

2572 

5915 

8363 

10245 

12081 

14434 

16077 

18205 

2575 

6017 

8407 

10299 

12163 

14437 

16085 

18212 

2593 

6021 

8432 

10304 

12172 

14438 

16107 

18234 

2606 

6038 

8441 

10306 

12186 

14476 

16274 

18237 

2741 

6072 

8462 

10347 

12231 

14494 

16303 

18303 

2744 

6092 

8463 

10359 

12256 

14519 

16367 

18318 

2913 

6119 

8501 

10422 

12263 

14520 

16430 

18327 

2926 

6125 

8531 

10467 

12268 

14583 

16494 

18344 

78 


AEEOPLANE   PATENTS 


1909  —  continued. 

18374 

19627 

20520 

22162 

23309 

24685 

26165 

28092 

18375 

19641 

20530 

22167 

23362 

24722 

26185 

28109 

18884 

19666 

20555 

22176 

23386 

24728 

26321 

28123 

18459 

19700 

20575 

22203 

23454 

24732 

26329 

28134 

18486 

19731 

20577 

22206 

23492 

24774 

26390 

28149 

18525 

19760 

20594 

22251 

23498 

24791 

26394 

28168 

18546 

19765 

20609 

22264 

23589 

24808 

26441 

28195 

18620 

19807 

20630 

22265 

23626 

24830 

26488 

28198 

18634 

19808 

20675 

22268 

23656 

24888 

26549 

28203 

18639 

19810 

20723 

22286 

23666 

24902 

26567 

28236 

18651 

19822 

20753 

22295 

23713 

24985 

26568 

28243 

18688 

19823 

20846 

22304 

23740 

25017 

26599 

28253 

18710 

19824 

20854 

22350 

23754 

25116 

26601 

28316 

18722 

19830 

20877 

22379 

23757 

25163 

26626 

28382 

18751 

19874 

20887 

22386 

23776 

25168 

26637 

28403 

18766 

19896 

20897 

22439 

23779 

25183 

26638 

28461 

18767 

19934 

20925 

22447 

23843 

25295 

26674 

28464 

18768 

19952 

20954 

22470 

23844 

25319 

26703 

28503 

18777 

19976 

20962 

22475 

23845 

25320 

26710 

28517 

18796 

19977 

21040 

22477  . 

23915 

25327 

26716 

28568 

18829 

19988 

21045 

22521 

23931 

25394 

26916 

28576 

18892 

20024 

21052 

22528 

23967 

25406 

27082 

28602 

18899 

20078 

21059 

22547 

24038 

25453 

27140 

28626 

18909 

20082 

21132 

22576 

24088 

25480 

27183 

28831 

18972 

20108 

21189 

22684 

24089 

25508 

27271 

28837 

18976 

20145 

21200 

22706 

24090 

25535 

27298 

28852 

18982 

20164 

21210 

22727 

24104 

25555 

27316 

28920 

19005 

20173 

21220 

22737 

24107 

25575 

27375 

28962 

19006 

20180 

21360 

22814 

24162 

25603 

27476 

28979 

19046 

20208 

21373 

22821 

24221 

25619 

27490 

28995 

19163 

20232 

21384 

22829 

24315 

25632 

27535 

28999 

19198 

20249 

21413 

22836 

24339 

25662 

27545 

29012 

19208 

20250 

21465 

22852 

24381 

25663 

27672 

29024 

19216 

20256 

21485 

22860 

24385 

25669 

27673 

29036 

19240 

20267 

21486 

22883 

24386 

25726 

27690 

29037 

19265 

20268 

21724 

22985 

24399 

25744 

27760 

29066 

19266 

20283 

21732 

23003 

24410 

25754 

27779 

29067 

19303 

20295 

21785 

23015 

24424 

25780 

27804 

29150 

19315 

20296 

21813 

23020 

24427 

25787 

27838 

29195 

19327 

20349 

21903 

23143 

24433 

25805 

27851 

29268 

19345 

20350 

21922 

23145 

24484 

25849 

27856 

29338 

19405 

20351 

21927 

23152 

24499 

25864 

27892 

29372 

19415 

20357 

21956 

23153 

24519 

25873 

27903 

29440 

19473 

20422 

22012 

23158 

24535 

25968 

27974 

29443 

19493 

20448 

22021 

23159 

24570 

26059 

27988 

29478 

19540 

20463 

22042 

23166 

24606 

26074 

28009 

29481 

19548 

20477 

22069 

23186 

24655 

26097 

28034 

29492 

19619 

20491 

22124 

23270 

24658 

26138 

28040 

29513 

HEAVIEB-THAN-AIB  FLYING  MACHINES 

1909 — continued. 


79 


29724 

29855 

30105 

30194 

30414 

30521 

30588 

29792 

29856 

30143 

30282 

30454 

30533 

30595 

29793 

29996 

3U183 

30344 

30490 

30573 

30604 

29834 

30083 

1910  (eight  months  only]. 


27 

1924 

3566 

5676 

6959 

8663 

10924 

12182 

171 

1972 

3678 

5703 

6971 

8750 

10947 

12195 

193 

2065 

3728 

5726 

7020 

8778 

10952 

12208 

210 

2095 

3732 

5737 

7023 

8808 

10986 

12228 

217 

2118 

3766 

5836 

7037 

8822 

10993 

12239 

223 

2142 

3861 

5843 

7053 

8901 

11009 

12306 

236 

2203 

4029 

5857 

7067 

9016 

11039 

12374 

237 

2231 

4042 

5908 

7101 

9047 

11040 

12502 

356 

2241 

4048 

6004 

7130 

9163 

11101 

12514 

386 

2247 

4095 

6029 

7131 

9306 

11193 

12516 

473 

2280 

4229 

6037 

7145 

9329 

11205 

12519 

515 

2294 

4297 

6048 

7244 

9485 

11319 

12578 

600 

2302 

4344 

6050 

7265 

9495 

11328 

12698 

630 

2450 

4377 

6051 

7289 

9503 

11332 

12746 

635 

2479 

4433 

6074 

7333 

9544 

11334 

12769 

712 

2481 

4510 

6098 

7349 

9666 

11348 

12819 

716 

2555 

4515 

6100 

7372 

9709 

11355 

12833 

762 

2611 

4516 

6131 

7381 

9800 

11396 

12866 

785 

2612 

4560 

6150 

7409 

9950 

11398 

12892 

885 

2613 

4663 

6174 

7443 

10059 

11420 

12905 

935 

2614 

4674 

6180 

7508 

10064 

11467 

12934 

996 

2615 

4708 

6187 

7530 

10184 

11504 

12957 

1017 

2626 

4764 

6217 

7582 

10235 

11654 

12965 

1114 

2631 

4779 

6264 

7668 

10253 

11666 

13005 

1125 

2664 

4791 

6287 

7678 

10364 

11701 

13013 

1258 

2751 

4822 

6314 

7680 

10376 

11754 

13044 

1297 

2800 

4891 

6316 

7780 

10415 

11757 

13068 

1318 

2827 

4965 

6323 

7814 

10424 

11779 

13119 

1344 

3014 

5164 

6359 

7950 

10453 

11786 

13202 

1388 

3045 

5218 

6360 

8013 

10457 

11793 

13240 

1429 

3079 

5327 

6388 

8066 

10575 

11808 

13290 

1443 

3303 

5403 

6401 

8083 

10699 

11828 

13298 

1545 

3305 

5439 

6416 

8092 

10702 

11847 

13324 

1624 

3374 

5473 

6605 

8204 

10713 

11882 

13331 

1640 

3432 

5499 

6642 

8212 

10787 

11894 

13375 

1694 

3438 

5564 

6647 

8290 

10816 

11984 

13376 

1873 

3458 

5573 

6657 

8569 

10877 

12039 

13434 

1887 

3506 

5629 

6689 

8606 

10896 

12092 

13441 

1922 

3533 

5646 

6775 

8619 

10902 

12164 

13484 

80 


AEKOPLANE   PATENTS 


1910  —  continued. 

13486 

14560 

15231 

16705 

17460 

18064 

19013 

19616 

13573 

14610 

15278 

16773 

17510 

18104 

19017 

19700 

13587 

14649 

15308 

16790 

17527 

18117 

19029 

19718 

13607 

14653 

15502 

16802 

17552 

18158 

19086 

19759 

13658 

14654 

15566 

16886 

17591 

18207 

19180 

19779 

13710 

14656 

15576 

16888 

17634 

18283 

19204 

19798 

13955 

14673 

15602 

16946 

17638 

18284 

19221 

19852 

13980 

14688 

15633 

16970 

17653 

18478 

19261 

19857 

14073 

14724 

15761 

16976 

17668 

18481 

19318 

19906 

14114 

14727 

15779 

16982 

17672 

18482 

19321 

19925 

14178 

14760 

15849 

17036 

17720 

18604 

19349 

19946 

14204 

14846 

15918 

17062 

17735 

18661 

19370 

20070 

14205 

14868 

16130 

17135 

17776 

18675 

19388 

20080 

14207 

14979 

16138 

17145 

17844 

18683 

19426 

20105 

14248 

15045 

16276 

17185 

17969 

18701 

19427 

20125 

14351 

15048 

16405 

17186 

18020 

18839 

19430 

20145 

14402 

15049 

16463 

17264 

18023 

18863 

19440 

20184 

14413 

15064 

16464 

17286 

18055 

18881 

19526 

20285 

14455 

15115 

16581 

17362 

18056 

18994 

19550 

20312 

14460 

SECTION  IV 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST   OF   BRITISH   PATENTEES, 

1860—1908 

PATENTS  enumerated  in  Section  III.  (1860 — 1908)  alone  are 
considered.  It  is  impossible  to  make  a  complete  list  of  1909 
patentees  at  the  time  of  writing. 

The  number  and  year  of  each  patent  are  given  after  the  name. 
The  year,  as  well  as  the  number,  is  required  to  identify  a  British 
Patent. 


Abel,  C.  D. 
Abelspies,  J.  F.  C.     . 
Adams,  A. . 
Adams,  H. 
Addis,  F.  H.       . 
Aeroplane  Co.     . 
Antoni,  G.,  andU.     . 
Armitage,  C. 

Armour,  J. 
Avery,  A.  H. 

Babillot,  G. 
Baden-Powell,  B.  F.  S. 


Barbe,  P.  E.  S. 
Barclay,  J. 
Baron,  F.  E.,  and  M. 
Bartelt,  F.  L.     . 
Bastion,  J.  B.     . 
Battey,  S.  B. 
Bauer,  H. 
Baumann,  A. 

»  • 

Bausset,  A.  de  . 
Beach,  S.  Y.       . 
Becht,  L.  A. 
Bedell,  B.  H.     . 
Beenen,  B.  E.     . 
Beilharz,  G. 
A.P. 


1124/69  Beins,  H.  . 

9108/96  Bellens,  C. 

15987/97  Bennett,  J. 

4901/04  Benston,  E. 

15890/07  Berger,  C. 

27221/07  Bernasconi,  J.    . 

25518/07  Bernd,  E.  von    . 

20739/99  Best,  W.  G. 

18581/06  Birnbaum,  E.  J.  W.  P. 

14038/84  Bjelovucic,  M.  S. 

1446/04  Bleriot,  L. 


27771/08 

,, 

. 

26821/03 

,, 

. 

6443/06 

Bliven,  A.  P. 

. 

9691/07 

Blunt,  A.  H. 

P. 

5938/95 

ft 

. 

25378/03 

„ 

. 

22384/08 

„ 

. 

17131/08 

,, 

. 

3346/78 

,, 

. 

15977/92 

,, 

. 

20822/08 

Bode,  E.     . 

. 

17913/99 

Bontems,  B. 

. 

2688/03 

Booth,  H.  S. 

. 

15110/02 

w 

. 

5312/08 

-j 

. 

9767/05 

Borgfeldt,  N. 

H. 

26069/07 

Boult,  A.  J. 

. 

9864/97 

M 

. 

26617/08 

Boulton,  M.  P.  W. 

.  3194/73 
.  13959/06 
.  3456/05 
.  13747/04 
.  19825/08 
.  5977/08 
.  4842/08 
.  5220/08 
.  22597/94 
.  26884/07 
.  2588/08 
.  9069/08 
.  20785/08 
.  21497/08 
.  6946/07 
.  3637/99 
.  8019/99 
.  20115/00 
.  346/01 
.  9706/02 
.  25444/03 
.  11748/05 
.  10004/07 
.  5118/85 
.  9346/94 
.  12149/03 
.  15613/05 
.  23564/94 
.  10757/06 
.  28558/08 
.  2489/66 


82 

AEKOPLANE 

PATENTS 

Boulton,  M.  P.  W. 

.       696/67 

Cornu,  J.,  and  P. 

19259/06 

.       392/68 

Couturier,  C.  E.  F.    . 

2030/64 

9  J 

.     1005/68 

Craddock,  T.      . 

1982/67 

V 

.     1988/68 

Craig,  J  

3360/89 

M 

.       574/75 

Crawford,  G.  M. 

14327/04 

Bourcart,  M. 

.  18768/03 

Crawford,  E.  L. 

3929/04 

Bowdens    Patents 

Syndi- 

Crease,  J.  F.      . 

9106/92 

cate,  E.  M.     . 

.     2216/08 

Bowyer-Smyth,  D. 
Boyman,  E.  B.  . 

M.       .     7442/99 
.     3262/66 

Dalton,  P.          ... 
Davidson,  G.  L.  0.    . 

2479/07 
12469/96 

Brandl,  A. 

.     9804/06 

» 

1960/07 

Brannon,  P. 

.     3974/77 

Davies,  C.  J. 

22273/07 

Bratschie,  A. 

.  20169/03 

Day,  S.  A.          ... 

23307/07 

Brearey,  F.  W. 

.     2376/79 

Decazes,  Yicomte 

17859/93 

Brennan,  L. 

.  27212/03 

Degn,  P.  F. 

21445/08 

Brewer,  E.  G.     . 

.     3346/78 

,,                  . 

24148/08 

Britain,  W. 

.  21952/08 

Deixler,  J. 

27817/06 

Brooman,  E.  A. 

.     2030/64 

,,                  .         .         . 

14327/08 

Brown,  B. 

.  17611/99 

Delaurier,  E.  J. 

4245/83 

Brown,  C.  E.  B. 

.     9898/08 

Delprat,  A.         ... 

13502/04 

Brown,  D.  S.      . 

.      411/72 

Deming,  H.  A.  . 

3128/94 

.     2346/73 

Demoulin,  A. 

8628/08 

Briincker,  E. 

.     2389/01 

Diesel,  E  

7012/97 

Buch,  M.    . 

.  11188/07 

Dippel,  C  

11699/06 

Buckwalter,  C.  L. 

.  15438/07 

Donovan,  J. 

21618/08 

Burgess,  W.  E. 

.     2084/07 

Dontre,  A.  F.  J. 

20694/08 

Butler,  J.  W.     . 

.     1143/66 

Dufaux,  A.,  and  H.   . 

3990/05 

» 

.     2115/67 

Dufferin,  H.  J.  . 

14334/97 

Dufwa,  F.  W.    . 

17877/08 

Campa,  P. 

.  16030/08 

Dunne,  J.  W.     . 

2808/08 

Capel,  T.  J. 

.       430/81 

Eder,  J  

1831/07 

Capone,  F. 

.  28590/07 

Edwards,  A.  H. 

4519/08 

» 

.     7129/08 

Edwards,  E. 

2115/67 

Carter,  W.  T.     . 

.  30932/97 

Ellehammer,  J.  C.  Hansen- 

7377/06 

Cave,  J.  O'C.     . 

140/75 

Esnault-Pelterie,  E.  . 

28034/07 

Cervelli,  J. 

.     5977/08 

221/08 

Chantraine,  J.    . 

.     5310/08 

1258/08 

Chanute,  0. 

.  13372/97 

8643/08 

,, 

.  15221/97 

10528/08 

Chappell,  C.  A. 

.  21923/07 

28026/08 

Clarke,  T.  W.  K. 

.  28710/06 

[ 

28027/08 

,, 

.  21290/07 

j  >                                       *                 * 

28028/08 

,, 

.  15924/08 

Evans,  W.  E.     . 

21363/08 

Cloud,  J.  W.      . 

.  27552/07 

» 

.  24441/08 

Fadda,  A.  S. 

27221/07 

Cochrane,  W.     . 

.  27027/02 

Fairweather,  W. 

11763/08 

Colquhoun,  J.  A. 

.  17366/07 

Fauber,  W.  H.  . 

4204/06 

Connolly,  B. 

.  27805/07 

,,              . 

24344/08 

Cornelius,  W.     . 

.     2589/84 

Fawcett,  J. 

28321/08 

ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  BEITISH  PATENTEES    83 


Ferrero,  M. 
Filippi,  A.  P.      . 
Fleury,  A. . 
Flynn,  P.  J. 
Fontaine  -Moreau,    P. 

Comte  de 
Forbes,  Sir  C.  S. 

Forlanini,  E. 

Foster',  J.  S.       . 
Fraser,  J.  . 
Fraser,  J.  E.      . 
Fredrikson,  A.  J. 
Freville,  E. 
Friese-Greene  Patents 
Fronz,  F.   . 
Frossard,  J. 
Fulton,  F.  0.     . 

Gambin,  A. 
Garsed,  J.  L.      . 


A., 


Gathmann,  L.    . 

»  • 

Gaunt,  J.  . 
Gedge,W.  E.    . 
Geest,  K.  L.  W. 
Gibon,  T.   . 
Gilbert,  W.  V.   . 
Goetjes,  W. 
Golby,  F.  W.     . 
Graham,  C.  K  . 
Green,  W.  A.     . 
Greene,  W.  Friese- 

Griffiths/T. 

Griffiths,  W.  J. 
Groombridge,  C. 

H 

Grosclaude,  D.  A.  L. 
Guattari,  A.,  and  C. 

Haas,  T.    . 


1593/08 

Haddan,  H.  J.  . 

10034/94 

19199/00 

Haenlein,  P.      ... 

821/72 

3309/73 

Hammant,  W.   . 

23129/08 

883/01 

Hammond,  E.  V. 

4835/07 

Hansen-Ellehammer,  J.  C. 

7377/06 

2464/64 

Hardacre,  G. 

18935/97 

26827/08 

Hardie,  A.          ... 

19488/06 

28273/08 

11590/07 

7603/05 

Hare,  E.  H.       . 

19805/08 

17156/07 

Harper,  W. 

16626/06 

7015/86 

Hart,  G.  W.       . 

8627/08 

10267/02 

Harte,  E  

1469/70 

19982/08 

Hawkins,  E.  C. 

1543/04 

19677/08 

Haylock,  D.,  and  E.  A.      . 

7783/03 

2396/73 

Heeren,  0.         ... 

1683/08 

16606/08 

Henderson,  A.  C. 

5118/85 

1445/08 

Hennebique,  F. 

26000/07 

18158/07 

Hepworth,   E.   N.   Moles- 

9251/02 

worth-     . 

5739/97 

620/06 
20952/06 
9594/07 
1035/08 
12013/08 
23104/08 
23316/08 
24682/08 
17367/00 
18559/07 
17014/08 
2396/73 
22943/08 
14003/06 
8316/06 
13996/94 
10819/94 
1943/03 
19347/03 
16606/08 
23595/08 
10068/85 
12349/90 
16100/01 

Herring,  A.  M.  . 
Hewitt,  S.  E.     . 
Hoernes,  H. 
Hofmann,  J. 
>»                .         .         . 

Holle'A.  A. 
Homola,  J. 
Howard,  W.  F.  . 
HoweU,  T.  J.     . 
Huber,  T  
Hiickel,  H. 
Hullett,  J. 
Humbert,  V.      . 
Humphreys,  J.  E. 
»                     •        • 
»                    •        • 
Hunter,  J.  M. 
Huntington,  A.  K.    . 
Hutchinson,  F.  W.  H. 
»                           • 

Hutchinson,  W.  N.    . 
Hyatt,  T  

15221/97 
4659/07 
8418/04 
7919/94 
11941/94 
22011/95 
23347/08 
21514/06 
21668/08 
24701/03 
12848/07 
5787/04 
568/68 
9970/08 
20916/08 
21074/08 
22238/08 
2680/08 
2808/08 
1778/04 
7491/07 
7887/07 
20032/91 
1229/82 

13241/00 

Imray,  J  

1005/68 

25723/02 
21754/08 

3872/92 

Jensen,  P.          . 
Johnson,  J.  H.  . 
Jombart,  E. 

5251/82 
4245/83 
1124/69 

8681/02 

Jones,  J.  M. 

23833/04 

a 

2 

84 


AEKOPLANE  PATENTS 


Kalisch,  E. 

.  12514/00      McMullen,  G.    . 

1788/04 

Kaufmann,  J.  M. 

.       473/67      Manker,  C.  A.    . 

23161/02 

»                      • 

.     1525/67      Marinakis,  A.     . 

21477/04 

Kay,  M.     . 

16/07      Mark,  W  

22209/08 

,,            ... 

.     7205/08      Marriott,  F. 

2827/69 

Kerkhove,  A.  H.  van  de 

.     3561/81      Marshall,  J. 

10239/95 

Kerwat,  G. 

.     5471/08                „                ... 

9734/97 

Klupathy,  E.      . 

.  19825/08      Masey,  P.  E.      . 

412/68 

Knapper,  G. 

.  24807/04      Mastin,  J.           ... 

3456/05 

Kober,  M.  . 

.  18877/08      Maughan,  B.  W. 

4585/82 

Koch,  G.    . 

.     5251/82 

1552/83 

16269/93      Maul,  A  

10757/06 

Kosztovits,  O.  I. 

.     5942/84      Maxim,  H.  S.     . 

10359/89 

Krakow,  A.  K.  E.  A. 

.  13499/02                  ,,               ... 

16883/89 

Krauss,  E. 

.  18663/97                  ,,               ... 

19228/91 

,,               ... 

10852/93 

Laitte,  L.  B.  de 

.     4043/07                  „               ... 

10620/97 

Lake,  A.  W.       . 

.     1229/82                  „               ... 

15748/03 

Lake,  S.     . 

.  11763/08                 „              ... 

3120/04 

Lanchester,  F.  W.      . 

.     3608/97                  „              ... 

20038/08 

»                     • 

.  17935/05      May,  E.  E. 

19264/94 

>»                     • 

.     9413/07      Mercer,  I.  E.      . 

23798/08 

»  j                     . 

.  9413a/07      Michel,  M. 

1769/69 

La  Pauze,  A.  de 

.      430/81      Middleton,  H.    . 

9725/88 

Larkin,  G.  F.     . 

.  ,2216/08                  „               ... 

21885/91 

Lautenschlager,  P.  E. 

.  15128/94                  „               ... 

9775/93 

Lazarowicz,  J.    . 

.     7179/03                  „               ... 

21680/02 

Lebaudy,  P.,  and  P.  . 

.      878/03                 „              ... 

1436/06 

Learer,  M.  . 

.     3691/01      Mielcarek,  W.  S. 

7632/08 

O         " 

Lehmann,  E. 

.  17371/00      Millet,  F.  T.       . 

5199/89 

Lentz,  H.  . 

.  13959/06      Mills,  F.  E. 

3128/94 

Le  Eond,  L.  J.  J.  B.  . 

.  10968/98      Mockton,  E.  H.  C. 

9fin/74 

»                 • 

.  14145/02      Moles  worth-Hepworth,E.N.  5739/97 

Lester,  E.  J. 

.     5220/08      Molinari,  J. 

5977/08 

Lindkvist,  E.  E. 

.  16484/07      Mond,  E.  L.       . 

5949/08 

»                       • 

.  16941/08      Montgolfier,  P.  de      . 

1747/06 

Lipkowski,  J.  de 

.  11616/02      Montjustin,     E.     d'Eque- 

Long,  L.     . 

.  23380/03          viiley      .... 

17370/08 

Lorenzen,  0. 

.  13809/08      Moore,  E.  F.      . 

13311/90 

Lorenzo,  J.  di    . 

.  27221/07                 ,f              ... 

6/95 

Los  Olivos,  E.  0.  de  . 

.     7271/95      Morgan,  F.  S.    . 

3186/05 

Lostalot,  H.  de  . 

.  12848/07      Motorluftschiff-Studienges 

4788/08 

Lucas,  E.  . 

.     2353/07      Mott,  S.  D. 

24587/02 

Moy,  T  

3238/71 

McOurd,  W.  A.  . 

.     8966/07            „           .... 

2808/74 

Macdonald,  T.    . 

.     4125/95            „            .... 

15221/97 

McLean,  E. 

.  13315/08            „            .... 

16856/01 

Macleod,  M.  C.  . 

.     1763/04      Mumford,  E.  E. 

3214/05 

Macler,  C.  . 

.  19199/00                 „ 

15698/05 

ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  BRITISH  PATENTEES    85 


Murray,  T.  B.    . 

9251/02 

Porter,  J.  E.       . 

4245/07 

Murray,  W.  E.  . 

29308/06 

,,               •         .         • 

15590/07 

Mutti,  A  

14367/04 

»               ... 

21261/08 

,,           .... 

5949/08 

Powell,  B.  F.  S.  Baden-     . 

26821/03 

i> 

6443/06 

Nelson,  J.  E.     . 

2229/67 

i> 

9691/07 

N£methy,  E. 

15403/02 

Preidel,  W. 

26891/04 

Nesmond,  P.  C. 

2464/64 

Neyen,  E.           ... 

84/08 

Quartermain,  W.        .        , 

2339/84 

Nial,  M  

7059/07 

Quentin,  A.  A.  H. 

3872/92 

Nicholl,  G. 

1066/01 

Noble,  W.  H.     . 

2827/69 

Eabbat,  C.  F.     . 

1598/60 

Eaggett,  J.  J.     . 

23459/07 

Oetling,  0.         ... 

10819/94 

Eebikoff,  W.      . 

6502/06 

Ortlepp,  J.  C.     . 

1064/93 

Eeden,  U.  von  . 

9119/07 

Osselin,  A.  F.     . 

728/71 

Eedfern,  G.  F.   . 

7015/86 

Otto,  E.G.  F.,  and  E.G.  F. 

14737/89 

Eenner,  E.,  M.,  L.,  and  A. 

2803/06 

Owen,  E.  G.      . 

9193/85 

Eidley,  J.  D.      . 

777/74 

Eoe,  A.  V. 

26099/06 

Palacios,  E.  de.  . 

13996/94 

Eoeper,  C.  H.  0. 

9390/95 

Parker,  T. 

9506/04 

Eoheim,  E. 

8320/01 

Peache,  G.  A.     . 

24617/08 

Eoots,  J  

3657/96 

Pelterie,  E.  Esnault- 

28034/07 

„     J.  D. 

7156/07 

. 

221/08 

Eoss,  W.M.       . 

2040/70 

. 

1258/08 

Eoux,  E  

11719/03 

. 

8643/08 

. 

10528/08 

Sampson,  D. 

16698/02 

. 

28026/08 

Saward,  J. 

8435/07 

. 

28027/08 

»                  .        •        • 

7370/08 

. 

28028/08 

Schmid,  E. 

20822/08 

Penkala,  E    and  E.  . 

21498/08 

Schroeder,  F.  W. 

17855/08 

Pennington,  E.  J. 

25050/95 

Schiilke,  J. 

10961/07 

»                    •         • 

17119/96 

Schiitz,  S  

23618/08 

Perks,  E  

22809/08 

Scott,  B.  D.,  and  W.  E.      . 

24247/07 

Peugot,  A.          ... 

12848/07 

Seiberi,  J  

11982/02 

Phillips,  A.         ... 

28119/08 

Shadbolt,  L.  P.  . 

8842/08 

Phillips,  H.  F.  . 

13768/84 

Shanks,  J. 

7802/05 

,,                    •         .         . 

20435/90 

Shil,  E.  E. 

3238/71 

,,                    . 

13311/91 

Silverston,  A.  E. 

20433/08 

Phillips,  J.  S.     . 

2420/61 

Simko,  J  

8320/01 

Piffhard,  H.  H.           . 

11155/08 

Simms,  F.  E.     . 

25716/96 

Piguet  &  Co. 

10034/94 

»>                  ... 

6320/97 

Pilcher,  P.  S.     . 

9144/96 

»>                  .         .         . 

20368/00 

Placet,  P.  E.      . 

21329/99 

,,                  ... 

25395/05 

Platts,  W  

3456/05 

,,                  ... 

15796/07 

Pomianowski,  E.  A.  . 

19822/07 

Sjostrom,  P.       ... 

2264/83 

Ponton  d'Amecourt,  G.  L. 

Skouses,  P.         ... 

11905/08 

M.,  Viscount  de 

1929/61 

Smart,  G.  E.      . 

12503/84 

Porak,  W  

15960/01 

Smith,  G.  P.  B.          .        . 

27812/08 

86 


AEROPLANE   PATENTS 


Smyth,  D.  M.  Bowyer-      . 

7442/99 

Tzimbalist,  I.  0. 

. 

„       W. 

1392/67 

Smythies,  J.  K. 

561/60 

Vaniman,  M. 

. 

»                                              *                 • 

2504/67 

Vergara,  A. 

. 

99                                                 •                  • 

4151/75 

Villeneuve,  A.  H.  de 

99                                                  •                  • 

34/82 

Visoly,  S.  H.  de 

. 

7/84 

Vogt,  H.  C.  de    . 

. 

Snyers,  T  

3561/81 

Yojacek,  L. 

. 

Soc.  A.  Peugot,  T.  Huber  & 

Co  

12848/07 

Waddy,  S.  D.     . 

Solon,  M.  F.      . 

8118/08 

»                • 

. 

Soul,  M.  A. 

821/72 

Waelde,  J. 

. 

South,  W.  A.      . 

13241/00 

»                  • 

. 

,,                  •        •        • 

25723/02 

Walker,  J.  C.     , 

. 

Spencer,  C.  G.    . 

1178/68 

Walker,  W.  G.  . 

. 

Stark,  T.  A. 

1064/93 

Wallace,  G. 

. 

Steinhaus,  E.  E. 

28015/08 

Wallin,  B.  H.     . 

. 

Stevens,  C. 

1598/60 

»                  • 

. 

Stevenson,  E.     . 

4871/80 

Watson,  P.  A.    . 

. 

Stewart,  J. 

20702/03 

Webb,  H.  B.       . 

. 

Strata,  J  

27408/07 

Weiss,  J.    . 

. 

Sturgess,  G-.,  and  0.  . 

26924/08 

Wellner,  G. 

. 

Swingle,  E.  L.   . 

19995/01 

Wenham,  F.  H. 

. 

Westlake,  A.  J. 

. 

Taaffe,  E.  . 

26414/06 

White,  J.  D. 

,,         •        •        •        . 

25295/07 

Whitehead,  G.    . 

§ 

Tacquin,  A.        ... 

24928/08 

Wilson,  E.  F.     . 

i 

Tarbe,  J,    . 

19424/00 

Wilson,  G. 

t 

Tarczal,  C. 

8320/01 

Winegarden,  A.  van 

. 

Tasker,  E.  E.     . 

4033/07 

Winsch,  J. 

. 

Taylor,  A.  G.      . 

7802/05 

Wirth,F.  . 

, 

„       F.W.  T. 

23208/08 

Wisniewski,  V.  . 

. 

Tellwright,  W.  . 

8118/08 

Wolf,  Carl,  Baron  vo 

11 

Thayer,  E. 

21656/08 

Wondra,  F. 

. 

Thomass,  F.  W. 

7894/07 

Wood,  F.   . 

. 

Thompson,  W.  P. 

16269/93 

Worswick,  A.     . 

. 

. 

13996/94 

Wright,  J.  M.    . 

. 

15798/04 

Wright,  W.,  andO. 

. 

. 

27312/06 

ii 

. 

. 

2651/08 

» 

. 

. 

25315/08 

Wunderlich,  A. 

. 

Tribelhorn,  A.    . 

21092/08 

Wynne,  W.  E.  . 

. 

Tuckfield,  C.       . 

18862/01 

Turnbull,  W.  E. 

8868/06 

Zizka,  E.    . 

. 

SECTION  V 

PATENTS   GRANTED  IN  THE  U.S.A.  RELATING  TO  FLYING  MACHINES  FROM 
THE    BEGINNING   OF    1896    TO    THE    END    OF    1909 


THE  date  following  the  number  of  the  patent  is  that  on  which  the 
patent  was  issued. 

;May  15/06 
May  22/06 
;  July  24/06 
:July  31/06 
;0ct.  30/06 
:Dec.  18/06 
;Jan.  15/07 
:Feb.  5/07 
:Feb.  12/07 
:Feb.  19/07 
Mar.  12/07 
Apr.  9/07 
:Apr.  16/07 
:Apr.  30/07 
:  Apr.  30/07 
:Apr.  30/07 
:Apr.  30/07 
June  4/07 
:June  :4/07 


M.  V.  Coutinho     . 

556,621  :Mar.  17/96 

L.  P.  Mouillard     . 

582,757:  May  18/97 

J.  D.  Graybill 

592,  704:  Oct.   26/97 

T.  Leibbrand 

600,878  :  Mar.  22/98 

F.  A.  Jone     . 

605,579  :  June  14/98 

J.  T.  Rice      . 

606,942  :  July    5/98 

T.  J.  Brown   . 

610,843  :  Sept.  13/98 

S.  Otis  . 

64  1,793:  Jan.  23/00 

G.  T.  Woglom 

648,  544:  May     1/00 

L.  E.  Roze     . 

648,634:  May     1/00 

S.  Cairncross 

653,  615:  July  10/00 

J.  H.  Dillon-Greg. 

666,266:  Jan.  22/01 

E.  M.  Farr     . 

678,  114:  July    9/01 

W.  J.  Bell     . 

693,943  :  Feb.  25/02 

S.  J.  Conyne 

698,634:  Apr.  29/02 

J.  T.  Rice      . 

704,375  :  July     8/02 

I.  Lancaster  . 

706,832:  Aug.  12/02 

T.  Gibon 

7  10,266:  Sept.  30/02 

O.  A.  Kaehler 

727,377  :  May    5/03 

G.  D.  Shultz 

729,800:  June    2/03 

T.  Gibon 

730,  107  :June   2/03 

I.  I.  Morris  . 

737,947  :  Sept.    1/03 

C.  E.  van  Deventer 

741,568  :  Oct.  13/03 

A.  G.  Bell      . 

757,012:  Apr.  12/04 

C.  F.  Morrison 

761,  053:  May  24/04 

S.  M.  Craig   . 

766,021  :July  26/04 

H.  de  Walden  and 

H.  Knudsen 

769,034:  Aug.  30/04 

G.  W.  Thompson  . 

769,721  :  Sept.  13/04 

A.  G.  Bell      . 

770,626  :  Sept.  20/04 

A.  P.  Criswell 

785,717:  Mar.  28/05 

I.  Lancaster  . 

785,740  :  Mar.  28/05 

G.  McMullen 

792,154:  June  13/05 

A.  H.  Friedel 

804,593  :  Nov.  14/05 

A.  L.  Platt    . 

813,519:  Feb.  27/06 

B.  O'Kane     . 
O.  and  W.  Wright 
J.  Hofmann  . 
J.  B.  Kramer 

0.  Chanute    . 
G.  M.  West  . 

G.  G.  Schroeder    . 
W.  Morgan     . 
A.  McCarthy . 
H.  M.  Bellows       . 
A.  and  H.  Dufaux 
A.  Brandl      . 

A.  P.  Bliven  . 

B.  F.  Mickley 
M.  Nial . 

B.  Connolly  . 
T.  Orgren      . 

1.  Gruber       . 
R.  Lewitz 
A.G.BellandH.P. 

McNeil      . 
L.  D.  Merrich 
W.  Phillips   . 
F.  E.  Felts    . 
J.  H.  Wilson 
W.  H.  Cook  . 
F.  M.  Mahan 
E.  M.  La  Penotiere 
D.  L.  Moorhead     . 
A.  O'Brate 


J.  U.  de  Uherkocz 
J.  W.  Eoshon 


820,938 
821,393 
827,017 
827,157 
834,658 
838,673 
841,581 
843,476 
844,172 
844,771 
846,830 
849,971 
850,616 
851,683 
:  851,895 
852,221 
852,292 
855,945 
856,073 

856,838 

856,895 

856,910 

857,166: 

859,274 : 

860,447 

861,133 

861,740 

865,419 

866,672 

866,673 

867,525 

868,038 

868,039 

868,488 : 


:  June  11/07 
:June  11/07 
:  June  11/07 
:  June  18/07 
:  July  9/07 
:July  16/07 
:  July  23/07 
:  July  30/07 
:  Sept.  10/07 
:  Sept.  24/07 
:  Sept.  24/07 
:0ct.  1/07 
:Oct.  15/07 
:0ct.  15/07 
:0ct.  15/07 


88 


AEROPLANE   PATENTS 


J.  D.  Pursell 

.  869,019  :  Oct.  22/07 

M.  G.  Adams 

B.  Connolly  . 

.  870,936:  Nov.  12/07 

C.  J.  Lake     . 

L.  Gathmann 

.  871,926:  Nov.  26/07 

E.  G.  Dressier 

F.  B.  Ashley 

.  872,778:  Dec.    3/07 

W.  S.  Eomme 

G.  Halliday  . 

.  873,542:  Dec.  10/07 

A.  P.  Filippi  . 

F.  Wondra     . 

.  876,125:  Jan.    7/08 

C.  E.  Culver  . 

G.  H.  Benedict      , 

,  879,848:  Feb.  25/08 

J.  Means 

W.  Halle 

,  881,  184:  Mar.  10/08 

i>             •         • 

E.  E.  Warner 

,  88  1,836:  Mar.  10/08 

»                          •                 • 

G.  Whitehead 

,  881,837:  Mar.  10/08 

»                           •                 • 

E.  L.  Drake  . 

,  882,189:  Mar.  17/08 

P.  F.  Degn    . 

T.  J.  Whalem 

,  882,435:  Mar.  17/08 

J.  J.  Eekar    . 

E.  E.  Ernst  . 

882,457  :  Mar.  17/08 

G.  W.  Thompson  . 

H.  J.  Cragun 

883,090  :  Mar.  24/08 

J.  Potts 

W.  Pars 

883,565:  Mar.  31/08 

A.  Beriozze    . 

M.  Vaniman  . 

884,432:  Apr.  14/08 

W.  A.  McCurd      . 

B.  Guthrie     . 

886,122:  Apr.  28/08 

J.  H.  Eogers 

M.  B,  Sellers 

886,159:  Apr.  28/08 

J.  H.  Wilson 

C.  J.  A.  Fiesse 

887,931:  May  19/08 

H.  A.  Orme  . 

F.  I.  Judson  . 

888,618:  May  26/08 

L.  J.  Brown  . 

F.  E.  Sweeny 

889,062  :  May  26/08 

P.  V.  Wadleigh     . 

D.  D.  Beatty 

889,502  :  June    2/08 

M.  B.  Sellers 

O.  K.  Chance 

890,215:  June    9/08 

J.  Seiler 

S.  von  Wiszcewsky 

890,483:  June   9/08 

L.  Euppin 

E.  E.  Mumford     . 

892,380  :  June  30/08 

A.  A.  Zalondek 

C.   A.    Moore  and 

C.  E.  Bannihr 

E.  Barrow  . 

892,606  :  July    7/08 

W.  Sinclair    . 

E.  J.  Pennington  . 

893,647:  July  21/08 

S.  H.  Gilson  . 

E.  E.  Warner 

893,887  :  July  21/08 

P.  F.  Degn    . 

A.  Y.  Wilson 

897,504  :  Sept.    1/08 

D.  C.  Dorman 

W.  Gordon    . 

897,738  :  Sept.    1/08 

W.  E.  Turnbull     . 

D.  L.  Wolf    . 

898,081  :  Sept.    8/08 

A.  E.  Malasomma 

E.  E.  Steinhaus     . 

899,350  :  Sept.  22/08 

W.  H.  Martin 

A.  H.  Friedel 

900,844:  Oct.   13/08 

J.  Means 

H.  B.  Schiller 

901,  486:  Oct.   20/08 

A.  W.  Eeinoehl     . 

J.  and  P.  Cornu     . 

902,  859:  Nov.    3/08 

C.  W.  Cheney 

J.  B.  Macduff 

905,547  :  Dec.     1/08 

J.  S.  Letts     . 

T.  H.  Gignilliat     . 

906,406  :  Dec.     8/08 

A.  E.  Mueller 

H.  S.  Booth  . 

907,120:  Dec.  22/08 

D.  S.  Foster  . 

»»                       •                   • 

907,310:  Dec.  22/08 

S.  W.  Applegate    .  ! 

G.  A.  Metcalf 

908,734  :  Jan.     5/09 

A.  H.  Friedel        .  ! 

O.  and  W.  Wright 

908,929  :  Jan.     5/09 

J.  Suter         .        .  { 

J.  Bernard     . 

910,488  :  Jan.   26/09 

L.  Felker      .         .  { 

H.  Bea  . 

910,773:  Jan.  26/09 

S.  S.  Williams       .  i 

W.  D.  Valentine   . 

911,784:  Feb.     9/09 

J.  Means       .        .  i 

C.  J.  Lake     . 

913,517  :  Feb.  23/09 

A.   W.    H.    War- 

H.  Mueller    . 

914,969  :  Mar.     9/09 

shawsky     .         .  £ 

M.  Strzelecki 

916,626  :  Mar.  30/09 

.  917, 513:  Apr.     6/09 

.  918,336:  Apr.  13/09 

.  919,834  :  Apr.  27/09 

.  920,085  :  Apr.  27/09 

.  920,554:  May    4/09 

922,264:  May  18/09 

922,7 10:  May  25/09 

922,711:  May  25/09 

922,712:  May  25/09 

922,713:  May  25/09 

922, 756:  May  25/09 

922,952:  May  25/09 

922,972:  May  25/09 

923,075  :  May  25/09 

923,936:  June    8/09 

924,813  :  June  15/09 

924,833  :  June  15/09 

926,159:  June  29/09 

926,593  :  June  29/09 

926,804 :  July     6/09 

926,913:  July    6/09 

927,289  :  July    6/09 

927,605 :  July  13/09 

927,815:  July  13/09 

929,362:  July  27/09 

93 1,026:  Aug.  17/09 

931,966:  Aug.  24/09 

933,548 :  Sept.    7/09 

934,394 :  Sept.  14/09 

934,717:  Sept.  21/09 

934,771 :  Sept.  21/09 

935,039 :  Sept.  28/09 

935,384  :  Sept.  28/09 

935,766 :  Oct.     5/09 

935,862  :  Oct.     5/09 

936,303:  Oct.   12/09 

937,250:  Oct.   19/09 

937,381:  Oct.   19/09 

937, 587:  Oct.   19/09 

939,651:  Nov.    9/09 

940,866 :  Nov.  23/09 

941, 896:  Nov.  30/09 

942,629  :  Dec.     7/09 

942, 691:  Dec.     7/09 

943, 120:  Dec.  14/09 

944,301 :  Dec.  28/09 


SECTION  VI 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  U.S.  PATENTEES, 

1896—1909 

THE  numeral  following  the  name  is  the  number  of  the  patent. 
An  American  patent  can  be  identified  by  the  number  alone. 


Adams,  M.  G.  . 
Applegate,  S.  W. 
Ashley,  F.  B.  . 

Bannihr,  C.  E.    . 
Barrow,  E. 
Bea,  H.      . 
Beatty,  D.  D.     . 
Bell,  A.  G. 


Bell,  W.  J. 
Bellows,  H.  M.  . 
Benedict,  G.  H. 
Beriozze,  A. 
Bernard,  J. 
Bliven,  A.  P.      . 
Booth,  H.  S.       . 

Brandl,  A. 
Brown,  L.  J. 
Brown,  T.  J. 

Cairncross,  S. 
Chance,  O.  K.    . 
Chanute,  0. 
Cheney,  C.  W.   . 
Connolly,  B. 

Conyne,  S.  J. 
Cook,  W.  H.  . 
Cornu,  J.,  and  P. 
Coutinho,  M.  V. 
Cragun,  H.  J.  . 
Craig,  S.  M. 


917,513 
939,651 

872,778 


653,615 
890,215 
834,658 
936,303 
852,221 
870,936 
698,634 
860,447 
902,859 
556,621 
883,090 
766,021 


Criswell,  A.  P. 
Culver,  C.  E. 

Degn,  P.  E. 


931,026 

892,606 

Deventer,  C.  E.  Van 

910,773 

Dillon-Greg,  J.  H. 

889,502 

Dorman,  D.  C.   . 

757,012 

Drake,  E.  L.       . 

770,626 

Dressier,  E.  G.  . 

856,838 

Dufaux,  A.,  and  H. 

693,943 

844,771 

Ernst,  E.  E. 

879,848 

923,936 

910,488 
850,616 

Farr,  E.  M. 
Felker,  L.  . 

907,120 

Felts,  F.  E. 

~RS'p«««   D    T    A 

907,310 

J?  l"olS",   \J,   U  •   xx»    • 

849,971 

Filippi,  A.  P.      . 

926,804 
610,843 

Foster,  D.  S.      . 
Friedel,  A.  H.    . 

Gathmann,  L.    . 
Gibon,  T.    . 

Gignilliat,  T.  H. 
Gilson,  S.  H.      . 
Gordon,  W. 
Graybill,  J.  D.  . 
Greg,  J.  H.  Dillon- 
Gruber,  I. 
Guthrie,  B. 


785,717 
922,264 

922,756 
934,394 
741,568 
666,266 
934,717 
882,189 
919,834 
846,830 

882,457 

678,114 
942,629 
857,166 
887,931 
920,554 
937,587 
804,593 
900,844 
940,866 

871,926 
710,266 
730,107 
906,406 
933,548 
897,738 
592,704 
666,266 
855,945 
886,122 


LOAN  PERIOD  1 
4" 


DEPARTMENT 

lbrarv  642-3403 

3 


LIBRARY  USE 

Th.s  book  is  due  before  closing  time  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 

DUE   AS  STAMPED  BELOW 


FORM  NO.  DD  6A,  12m,  6'76         UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  BERKELEY 

BERKELEY,  CA  94720 


LD  21-100m-7,'39(402s) 


VC    |94(R 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CAUFORNIA  LIBRARY 


